An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Fricatives"

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(15 mùthaidhean eadar-mheadhanach le 3 cleachdaichean eile nach eil 15 'gan sealltainn)
Loidhne 1: Loidhne 1:
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In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, dh, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh.  The letter h is used far more systematically in this way in Gaelic than in English.  It is important to note that when h is added to a consonat in Gaelic, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English.  When h is added to the consonants (b, m, c, d, g, p, t, s), we call the resultant sound a fricative.  Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives.  Only the following 9 consonants may have h written after them:
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In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh.  In Gaelic, the letter <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is used far more systematically in this way than in English.  It's is important to note, in Gaelic, that with the single exception of ph [f], when <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is added to a consonant, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English.  In Gaelic, when <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is added to the consonants (<span style="color: #008000;">b m c d g p t s</span>), we call the resultant sound a fricative.  Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives.  Only the following 9 consonants may have <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> written after them. Recognize that the translations of these cases are often approximate because the effect of lenition is sometimes difficult to translate outside a full sentence):
  
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[[File:fricatives01.ogg|noicon|90px]]
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==Broad==
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{| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
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[[File:fricatives01.mp3]]<br />
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
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! colspan="3;" align="left" | Basic form
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| b → bh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[vaː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bha'''</span> || was
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! colspan="3;" align="left" | Address form
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''[moːrag]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Mórag'''</span> || Morag || '''[ə voːrag]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Mhórag!'''</span> || Morag!
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| || || || '''[vɔ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bho'''</span> || from
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''[maːrʲɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Màiri'''</span> || Mary || '''[ə vaːrʲɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Mhàiri!'''</span> || Mary!
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| || || || '''[faLav]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''falbh'''</span> || leave!
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''[ka'triənə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Catrìona'''</span> || Katherine || '''[ə xa'triənə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Chatrìona!'''</span> || Katherine!
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| m → mh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[vaːhɪrʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mhàthair'''</span> || mother
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[voːr]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mhór'''</span> || big
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[av]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''amh'''</span> || raw
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|-
 +
| c → ch || [x] || Same as Scottish English ''loch'' || '''[Lɔx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''loch'''</span> || loch (lake)
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[xaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chaidh'''</span> || went
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[saLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''salach'''</span> || dirty
 +
|-
 +
| d → dh || [ɣ] ||  || '''[ɣaːg]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dh'fhàg'''</span> || left
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[ɣɔ͂]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhomh'''</span> || to me
 +
|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[kLɤɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cladh'''</span> || ditch (n.)
 +
|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ʃɤɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''seadh'''</span> || yes
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[buəLəɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bualadh'''</span> || hitting
 +
|-
 +
| g → gh || [ɣ] ||  || '''[ɣuNʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ghuin'''</span> || stung (v.)
 +
|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ɣaːlɪgʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Ghàidhlig'''</span> || Gaelic
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ɤɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''agh'''</span> || heifer
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[Lɤɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''lagh'''</span> || law
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|-
 +
| p → ph || [f] || Same as English f || '''[fɔːs]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''phòs'''</span> || married (v.)
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[fɔuL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''pholl'''</span> || mud
 +
|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[faːʃdʲə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''phàiste'''</span> || child
 +
|-
 +
| t → th || [h] || Same as English h || '''[ha]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''tha'''</span> || is
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[mah]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''math'''</span> || good
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|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[maːhɪrʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''màthair'''</span> || mother
 +
|-
 +
|  ||  ||  || '''[ahɪrʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''athair'''</span> || father
 +
|-
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| s → sh || [h] || Same as English h || '''[hɔn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shon'''</span> || sake
 +
|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[hɯj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shuidh'''</span> || sat
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[had]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shad'''</span> || thrust (v.)
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|-
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| f → fh || [v] || Silent || '''[haLd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhalt'''</span> || his hair
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ul]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhuil'''</span> || his blood
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[oːn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhón'''</span> || his phone
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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==Slender==
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[[File:fricatives02.mp3]]<br />
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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|-
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| b → bh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[vel]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bheil'''</span> || form of <span style="color: #008000;">tha</span>
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[leiv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''leibh'''</span> || with youse
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[vile]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bhile'''</span> || lip
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|-
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|  || [vj] ||  || '''[vjɔː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bheò'''</span> || alive
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|-
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| m → mh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[viː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mhi'''</span> || I
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[viːLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mhill'''</span> || damaged
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|-
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|  || [vj] ||  || '''[vjauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mheall'''</span> || deceived (v.)
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|-
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| c → ch || [ç] ||  || '''[çiː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chì'''</span> || will see
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|-
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|  || ||  || '''[façə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''faiche'''</span> || meadow
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[çaNɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cheannaich'''</span> || bought
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|-
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| d → dh || [ʝ] ||  || '''[ʝes]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dheas'''</span> || south
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ʝu]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhiubh'''</span> || of them
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ʝaLɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhealaich'''</span> || separated (v.)
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|-
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|  || [j] || Same as English y || '''[sɯj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''suidh'''</span> || sit!
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[sgaLpaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Sgalpaigh'''</span> || Scalpay
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|-
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| g → gh || [ʝ] ||  || '''[ʝaL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''gheal'''</span> || white
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ʝiLʲə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ghille'''</span> || boy
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[ʝaLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ghealach'''</span> || moon
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|-
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|  || [j] || Same as English y || '''[Laj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''laigh'''</span> || laid (v.)
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|-
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| p → ph || [f] || Same as English f || '''[fiːs]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''phìos'''</span> || piece
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|-
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|  || [fj] ||  || '''[fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''phiuthar'''</span> || sister
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[fjauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''pheann'''</span> || pen
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|-
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| t → th || [h] || Same as English h || '''[higʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''thig'''</span> || will come
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[hiːLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''thill'''</span> || returned
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|-
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|  || [ç] ||  || '''[içə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ithe'''</span> || eating
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[feːç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''féith'''</span> || muscle
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|-
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| s → sh || [h] || Same as English h || '''[hiːn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shìn'''</span> || stretched (v.)
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|-
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|  || [ç] ||  || '''[çauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''sheall'''</span> || showed
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|-
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|  || [h] ||  || '''[heinn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''sheinn'''</span> || sang
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|-
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| f → fh ||  || Silent || '''[ɛr]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhear'''</span> || man
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|-
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|  ||  ||  || '''[is]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhios'''</span> || his knowledge
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|-
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|}
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<br />
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NOTE: There is a small number of words with <span style="color: #008000;">fh</span> which are pronounced as [h]:
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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|-
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| '''[heːn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhéin'''</span> || self
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|-
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| '''[haLə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhalbh'''</span> || leave!
 +
|-
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| '''[ha.əsd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhathast'''</span> || yet
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|-
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|}
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{{Fuaimean}}
 
{{Fuaimean}}

Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 16:20, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016

In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh. In Gaelic, the letter h is used far more systematically in this way than in English. It's is important to note, in Gaelic, that with the single exception of ph [f], when h is added to a consonant, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English. In Gaelic, when h is added to the consonants (b m c d g p t s), we call the resultant sound a fricative. Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives. Only the following 9 consonants may have h written after them. Recognize that the translations of these cases are often approximate because the effect of lenition is sometimes difficult to translate outside a full sentence):

Broad

Download

b → bh [v] Same as English v [vaː] bha was
[vɔ] bho from
[faLav] falbh leave!
m → mh [v] Same as English v [vaːhɪrʲ] mhàthair mother
[voːr] mhór big
[av] amh raw
c → ch [x] Same as Scottish English loch [Lɔx] loch loch (lake)
[xaj] chaidh went
[saLəx] salach dirty
d → dh [ɣ] [ɣaːg] dh'fhàg left
[ɣɔ͂] dhomh to me
[kLɤɣ] cladh ditch (n.)
[ʃɤɣ] seadh yes
[buəLəɣ] bualadh hitting
g → gh [ɣ] [ɣuNʲ] ghuin stung (v.)
[ɣaːlɪgʲ] Ghàidhlig Gaelic
[ɤɣ] agh heifer
[Lɤɣ] lagh law
p → ph [f] Same as English f [fɔːs] phòs married (v.)
[fɔuL] pholl mud
[faːʃdʲə] phàiste child
t → th [h] Same as English h [ha] tha is
[mah] math good
[maːhɪrʲ] màthair mother
[ahɪrʲ] athair father
s → sh [h] Same as English h [hɔn] shon sake
[hɯj] shuidh sat
[had] shad thrust (v.)
f → fh [v] Silent [haLd] fhalt his hair
[ul] fhuil his blood
[oːn] fhón his phone

Slender

Download

b → bh [v] Same as English v [vel] bheil form of tha
[leiv] leibh with youse
[vile] bhile lip
[vj] [vjɔː] bheò alive
m → mh [v] Same as English v [viː] mhi I
[viːLʲ] mhill damaged
[vj] [vjauL] mheall deceived (v.)
c → ch [ç] [çiː] chì will see
[façə] faiche meadow
[çaNɪç] cheannaich bought
d → dh [ʝ] [ʝes] dheas south
[ʝu] dhiubh of them
[ʝaLɪç] dhealaich separated (v.)
[j] Same as English y [sɯj] suidh sit!
[sgaLpaj] Sgalpaigh Scalpay
g → gh [ʝ] [ʝaL] gheal white
[ʝiLʲə] ghille boy
[ʝaLəx] ghealach moon
[j] Same as English y [Laj] laigh laid (v.)
p → ph [f] Same as English f [fiːs] phìos piece
[fj] [fju.ər] phiuthar sister
[fjauN] pheann pen
t → th [h] Same as English h [higʲ] thig will come
[hiːLʲ] thill returned
[ç] [içə] ithe eating
[feːç] féith muscle
s → sh [h] Same as English h [hiːn] shìn stretched (v.)
[ç] [çauL] sheall showed
[h] [heinn] sheinn sang
f → fh Silent [ɛr] fhear man
[is] fhios his knowledge


NOTE: There is a small number of words with fh which are pronounced as [h]:

[heːn] fhéin self
[haLə] fhalbh leave!
[ha.əsd] fhathast yet



Fuaimean na Gàidhlig
᚛ Vowels - Consonants - Fricatives - Slenderisation - Pre-aspiration - Lenition - Helping vowel - Diphthongs ᚜
᚛ Hiatus - l n r - rt & rd - Vowels before rr ll nn - Unstressed vowels ᚜


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