An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "PPP - Pronouns, prepositions and their pronunciation"
(→Air) |
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(40 mùthadh eadar-mheadhanach le 3 cleachdaichean eile nach eil 40 'gan sealltainn) | |||
Loidhne 1: | Loidhne 1: | ||
− | + | In this section we'll try to give you a fairly comprehensive overview of the Gaelic prepositions - including some of the more obscure issues and a fresh view on some old friends. | |
− | ==À== | + | But before we start, a quick anecdote about rules in language. |
+ | |||
+ | Linguists will tell you that some languages are PRO-drop languages and some are not. PRO stands for 'pronoun' and PRO-drop means that in some languages you're permitted to drop the pronoun in a sentence. Generally, this is allowed because the verb alone already marks the grammatical person (i.e. you, me, he, they etc.). Spanish is a PRO-drop language in which you can either say yo tengo una cebra or tengo una cebra and both mean "I have a zebra." On the other hand, linguists will tell you that English is not a PRO-drop language, never ever, ever. Or is it? This morning, I asked my partner a question: "have you ever used the word "prune" as an insult?" The answer came straight back: "might have done". Can YOU see a pronoun anywhere? I can't. Anyway, this isn't a blog, but I thought I'd remind us all that languages are unruly things. While there are rules that you can learn and follow, they rarely apply in 100% of cases. Still, 99% isn't bad either, is it? | ||
+ | |||
+ | For the most part, they're arranged in groups according to their first element, for example, for mu choinneimh, look under mu. | ||
+ | |||
+ | How to remember them? Wellll... I get asked that a lot. [[Prepositions made easier|I've tried]] but it may not be everyone's cup of sùgh an eòrna - but just in case. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==<span style="color: #008000;">À</span>== | ||
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">à</span> || [a] |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">às an</span> || [as əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | asam || [asəm] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">asam</span> || [asəm] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | asad || [asəd] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">asad</span> || [asəd] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | às || [as] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">às</span> || [as] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | aiste || [aʃdʲə] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">aiste</span> || [aʃdʲə] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | asainn || [asɪNʲ] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">asainn</span> || [asɪNʲ] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | asaibh || [asɪv] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">asaibh</span> || [asɪv] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | asta || [asdə] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">asta</span> || [asdə] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | == | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Aig</span>== |
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">aig</span> || [ɛgʲ] |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">aig an</span> || [ɛgʲ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">agam</span> || [agəm] |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">agad</span> || [agəd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">aige</span> || [ɛgʲə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">aice</span> || [ɛçgʲə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">againn</span> || [agɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">agaibh</span> || [agɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">aca</span> || [axgə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | <span style="color: #008000;">Aig</span> + possessive pronoun | ||
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'gam</span> || [gam] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'gad</span> || [gəd] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'ga</span> || [ga] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'ga (h-)</span> || [ga (h)] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'gar (n-)</span> || [gar (n)] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'gur (n-)</span> || [gar (n)] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'gan</span> || [gan] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | == | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Air</span>== |
+ | More about [[I need air|air]] | ||
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">air</span> || [ɛrʲ] |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">air an</span> || [ɛrʲ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | orm || [ɔrɔm] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">orm</span> || [ɔrɔm] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | ort || [ɔRʃd] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">ort</span> || [ɔRʃd] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | air || [ɛrʲ] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">air</span> || [ɛrʲ] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | oirre || [ɔRə] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">oirre</span> || [ɔRə] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | oirnn || [ɔːRNʲ] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">oirnn</span> || [ɔːRNʲ] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | oirbh || [ɔrʲɪv] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">oirbh</span> || [ɔrʲɪv] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | orra || [ɔRə] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">orra</span> || [ɔRə] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | == | + | |
+ | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Ann an</span>== | ||
+ | [[Preposition-annan|More about ''ann an'']] | ||
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">ann an</span> || [ãũN əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">anns an</span> || [ãũNs əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | annam || [ũNəm] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">annam</span> || [ũNəm] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | annad || [ũNəd] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">annad</span> || [ũNəd] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | ann || [ãũN] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">ann</span> || [ãũN] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | innte || [ĩːNʲdʲə] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">innte</span> || [ĩːNʲdʲə] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | annainn || [aNɪNʲ] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">annainn</span> || [aNɪNʲ] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | annaibh || [aNɪv] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">annaibh</span> || [aNɪv] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | annta || [ãũNdə] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">annta</span> || [ãũNdə] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | = | + | <span style="color: #008000;">Ann an</span> + possessive pronoun |
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
− | | | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'nam</span> || [nam] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 'nad || [nad] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'nad</span> || [nad] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 'na || [na] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'na</span> || [na] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 'na (h-) || [na (h)] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'na (h-)</span> || [na (h)] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 'nar (n-) || [nar n] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'nar (n-)</span> || [nar (n)] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 'nur (n-) || [nar n] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'nur (n-)</span> || [nar (n)] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 'nan || [nan] | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">'nan</span> || [nan] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">De</span>== | |
+ | [[DE ⁊ A|More about ''de'']] | ||
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">de</span> || [də] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhen / dhen an</span> || [ʝɛN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [ʝɛnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhìom</span> || [ʝĩə̃m] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhìot</span> || [ʝied] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dheth</span> || [ʝe] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhith</span> || [ʝi] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhinn</span> || [ʝĩNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhibh</span> || [ʝiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhiubh</span> || [ʝu] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Do</span>== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 20%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">do</span> || [də] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhan / dhan an</span> || [ɣaN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>], [ɣanəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhomh</span> || [ɣɔ̃] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhut</span> || [ɣuhd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dha</span> || [ɣa] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhi</span> || [ʝi] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhuinn</span> || [ɣɯ̃ĩNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhuibh</span> || [ɣɯiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">dhaibh</span> || [ɣaiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | [ | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Eadar</span>== |
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">eadar</span> || [edər] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">eadar an</span> || [edər əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">eadarainn</span> || [edərɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">eadaraibh</span> || [edərɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">eatarra</span> || [ehdəRə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Fo</span>== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fo</span> || [fɔ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fon / fon an</span> || [fɔN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [fɔnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fodham</span> || [fo.əm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fodhad</span> || [fo.əd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fodha</span> || [fo.ə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">foidhpe</span> || [foihbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fodhainn</span> || [fo.ɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fodhaibh</span> || [fo.ɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">fodhpa</span> || [fohbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | [ | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Gu</span>== |
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">gu</span> || [gu] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">gun<br />chun an</span> || [gunəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]<br />[xunəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thugam</span> || [hugəm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thugad</span> || [hugəd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thuige</span> || [hɯgʲə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thuice</span> || [hɯçgʲə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thugainn</span> || [hugɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thugaibh</span> || [hugɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thuca</span> || [huxgə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Le</span>== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">le</span> || [le] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leis an</span> || [leʃ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leam</span> || [ləm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leat</span> || [lahd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leis</span> || [leʃ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leatha</span> || [le.ə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leinn</span> || [lẽĩNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leibh</span> || [leiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">leotha</span> || [lo.ə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | [ | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Mu</span>== |
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">mu</span> || [mə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">mun / mun an</span> || [muN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [munəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">umam</span> || [ũməm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">umad</span> || [ũməd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uime</span> || [ɯ̃imə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uimpe</span> || [ɯ̃imbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">umainn</span> || [ũmɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">umaibh</span> || [ũmɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">umpa</span> || [ũːmbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">O</span>== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">o</span> || [ɔ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">on / on an</span> || [ɔN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [ɔnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uam</span> || [uəm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uat</span> || [uəhd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uaidhe</span> || [uajə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uaipe</span> || [uəihbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uainn</span> || [ũə̃ĩNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uaibh</span> || [uəiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">uapa</span> || [uəhbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | [ | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Ri</span>== |
+ | [[Ri|More about ''ri'']] | ||
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ri</span> || [rʲi] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ris an</span> || [rʲiʃ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">rium</span> || [rʲum] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">riut</span> || [rʲuʰd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ris</span> || [rʲiʃ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">rithe</span> || [rʲi.ə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">r(u)inn</span> || [rɯ̃ĩNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">r(u)ibh</span> || [rɯiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">riutha</span> || [ru.ə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Tro</span>== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tro</span> || [trɔ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tron / tron an</span> || [trɔN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [trɔnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tromham</span> || [trɔ.əm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tromhad</span> || [trɔ.əd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">troimhe</span> || [trɔjə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">troimhpe</span> || [trɔihbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tromhainn</span> || [trɔ.ɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tromhaibh</span> || [trɔ.ɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tromhpa</span> || [trɔ̃hbə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==<span style="color: #008000;">Thar</span>== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
− | + | |- | |
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thar</span> || [har] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thar an</span> || [har əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tharam</span> || [harəm] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tharad</span> || [harəd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thairis air</span> || [harʲɪʃ ɛrʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thairte</span> || [haRʃdʲə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tharainn</span> || [harɪNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tharaibh</span> || [harɪv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">tharta</span> || [haRʃdə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==Personal pronouns== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
− | + | |- | |
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">mi</span> || [mĩː] || [mi] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thu<br />tu</span> || [uː]<br />[duː] || [u]<br />[du] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">e</span> || [ɛː] || [ə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">i</span> || [iː] || [i] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">sinn</span> || [ʃiːNʲ] || [ʃiNʲ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">sibh</span> || [ʃiːv] || [ʃiv] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">iad</span> || [iəd] || [əd] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==Personal pronouns with emphatic suffixes== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">mise</span> || [mĩʃə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">thusa<br />tusa</span> || [usə]<br />[dusə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">esan</span> || [ɛsən] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ise</span> || [iʃə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">sinne</span> || [ʃiNʲə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">sibhse</span> || [ʃiːvʃə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">iadsan</span> || [iədsən] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==Possessive pronoun== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">mo chù</span> || [mə'xuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">do chù</span> || [də'xuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">a chù</span> || [ə'xuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">a cù</span> || [ə'kuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ar cù</span> || [ər'kuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ur cù</span> || [ər'kuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">an cù</span> || [əŋ'kuː] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | [ | + | ==Possessive pronoun with emphatic suffixes== |
+ | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">mo chù-sa</span> || [mə'xuːsə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">do chù-sa</span> || [də'xuːsə ] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">a chù-san</span> || [ə'xuːsən] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">a cù-se</span> || [ə'kuːʃə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ar cù-ne</span> || [ər'kuːnə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ur cù-se</span> || [ər'kuːʃə] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">an cù-san</span> || [ən'kuːsən] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==Possessive pronoun with initial vowel== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 15%;" border="0" | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">m' anam</span> || [manam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">d' anam</span> || [danam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">anam</span> || [anam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">a h-anam</span> || [ə'hanam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ar n-anam</span> || [ər'nanam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">ur n-anam</span> || [ər'nanam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <span style="color: #008000;">an anam</span> || [ə'nanam] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==Possessive pronoun with initial vowel and emphatic suffixes== | |
− | + | {| style="width: 20%;" border="0" | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">m' anam-sa</span> || [manamsə] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">d' anam-sa</span> || [danamsə] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">anam-san</span> || [anamsən] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">a h-anam-se</span> || [ə'hanamʃə] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">ar n-anam-ne</span> || [ər'nanamnə] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">ur n-anam-se</span> || [ər'nanamʃə] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | <span style="color: #008000;">an anam-san</span> || [ə'nanamsən] | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |} | |
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− | [anamsən] | ||
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− | a h-anam-se | ||
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− | [ə' | ||
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− | ar n-anam-ne | ||
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− | ur n-anam-se | ||
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<br /> | <br /> | ||
{{BeaganGramair}} | {{BeaganGramair}} |
Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 12:24, 12 dhen Iuchar 2020
In this section we'll try to give you a fairly comprehensive overview of the Gaelic prepositions - including some of the more obscure issues and a fresh view on some old friends.
But before we start, a quick anecdote about rules in language.
Linguists will tell you that some languages are PRO-drop languages and some are not. PRO stands for 'pronoun' and PRO-drop means that in some languages you're permitted to drop the pronoun in a sentence. Generally, this is allowed because the verb alone already marks the grammatical person (i.e. you, me, he, they etc.). Spanish is a PRO-drop language in which you can either say yo tengo una cebra or tengo una cebra and both mean "I have a zebra." On the other hand, linguists will tell you that English is not a PRO-drop language, never ever, ever. Or is it? This morning, I asked my partner a question: "have you ever used the word "prune" as an insult?" The answer came straight back: "might have done". Can YOU see a pronoun anywhere? I can't. Anyway, this isn't a blog, but I thought I'd remind us all that languages are unruly things. While there are rules that you can learn and follow, they rarely apply in 100% of cases. Still, 99% isn't bad either, is it?
For the most part, they're arranged in groups according to their first element, for example, for mu choinneimh, look under mu.
How to remember them? Wellll... I get asked that a lot. I've tried but it may not be everyone's cup of sùgh an eòrna - but just in case.
À
à | [a] |
às an | [as əN(ʲ)] |
asam | [asəm] |
asad | [asəd] |
às | [as] |
aiste | [aʃdʲə] |
asainn | [asɪNʲ] |
asaibh | [asɪv] |
asta | [asdə] |
Aig
aig | [ɛgʲ] |
aig an | [ɛgʲ əN(ʲ)] |
agam | [agəm] |
agad | [agəd] |
aige | [ɛgʲə] |
aice | [ɛçgʲə] |
againn | [agɪNʲ] |
agaibh | [agɪv] |
aca | [axgə] |
Aig + possessive pronoun
'gam | [gam] |
'gad | [gəd] |
'ga | [ga] |
'ga (h-) | [ga (h)] |
'gar (n-) | [gar (n)] |
'gur (n-) | [gar (n)] |
'gan | [gan] |
Air
More about air
air | [ɛrʲ] |
air an | [ɛrʲ əN(ʲ)] |
orm | [ɔrɔm] |
ort | [ɔRʃd] |
air | [ɛrʲ] |
oirre | [ɔRə] |
oirnn | [ɔːRNʲ] |
oirbh | [ɔrʲɪv] |
orra | [ɔRə] |
Ann an
ann an | [ãũN əN(ʲ)] |
anns an | [ãũNs əN(ʲ)] |
annam | [ũNəm] |
annad | [ũNəd] |
ann | [ãũN] |
innte | [ĩːNʲdʲə] |
annainn | [aNɪNʲ] |
annaibh | [aNɪv] |
annta | [ãũNdə] |
Ann an + possessive pronoun
'nam | [nam] |
'nad | [nad] |
'na | [na] |
'na (h-) | [na (h)] |
'nar (n-) | [nar (n)] |
'nur (n-) | [nar (n)] |
'nan | [nan] |
De
de | [də] |
dhen / dhen an | [ʝɛN(ʲ)] / [ʝɛnəN(ʲ)] |
dhìom | [ʝĩə̃m] |
dhìot | [ʝied] |
dheth | [ʝe] |
dhith | [ʝi] |
dhinn | [ʝĩNʲ] |
dhibh | [ʝiv] |
dhiubh | [ʝu] |
Do
do | [də] |
dhan / dhan an | [ɣaN(ʲ)], [ɣanəN(ʲ)] |
dhomh | [ɣɔ̃] |
dhut | [ɣuhd] |
dha | [ɣa] |
dhi | [ʝi] |
dhuinn | [ɣɯ̃ĩNʲ] |
dhuibh | [ɣɯiv] |
dhaibh | [ɣaiv] |
Eadar
eadar | [edər] |
eadar an | [edər əN(ʲ)] |
eadarainn | [edərɪNʲ] |
eadaraibh | [edərɪv] |
eatarra | [ehdəRə] |
Fo
fo | [fɔ] |
fon / fon an | [fɔN(ʲ)] / [fɔnəN(ʲ)] |
fodham | [fo.əm] |
fodhad | [fo.əd] |
fodha | [fo.ə] |
foidhpe | [foihbə] |
fodhainn | [fo.ɪNʲ] |
fodhaibh | [fo.ɪv] |
fodhpa | [fohbə] |
Gu
gu | [gu] |
gun chun an |
[gunəN(ʲ)] [xunəN(ʲ)] |
thugam | [hugəm] |
thugad | [hugəd] |
thuige | [hɯgʲə] |
thuice | [hɯçgʲə] |
thugainn | [hugɪNʲ] |
thugaibh | [hugɪv] |
thuca | [huxgə] |
Le
le | [le] |
leis an | [leʃ əN(ʲ)] |
leam | [ləm] |
leat | [lahd] |
leis | [leʃ] |
leatha | [le.ə] |
leinn | [lẽĩNʲ] |
leibh | [leiv] |
leotha | [lo.ə] |
Mu
mu | [mə] |
mun / mun an | [muN(ʲ)] / [munəN(ʲ)] |
umam | [ũməm] |
umad | [ũməd] |
uime | [ɯ̃imə] |
uimpe | [ɯ̃imbə] |
umainn | [ũmɪNʲ] |
umaibh | [ũmɪv] |
umpa | [ũːmbə] |
O
o | [ɔ] |
on / on an | [ɔN(ʲ)] / [ɔnəN(ʲ)] |
uam | [uəm] |
uat | [uəhd] |
uaidhe | [uajə] |
uaipe | [uəihbə] |
uainn | [ũə̃ĩNʲ] |
uaibh | [uəiv] |
uapa | [uəhbə] |
Ri
ri | [rʲi] |
ris an | [rʲiʃ əN(ʲ)] |
rium | [rʲum] |
riut | [rʲuʰd] |
ris | [rʲiʃ] |
rithe | [rʲi.ə] |
r(u)inn | [rɯ̃ĩNʲ] |
r(u)ibh | [rɯiv] |
riutha | [ru.ə] |
Tro
tro | [trɔ] |
tron / tron an | [trɔN(ʲ)] / [trɔnəN(ʲ)] |
tromham | [trɔ.əm] |
tromhad | [trɔ.əd] |
troimhe | [trɔjə] |
troimhpe | [trɔihbə] |
tromhainn | [trɔ.ɪNʲ] |
tromhaibh | [trɔ.ɪv] |
tromhpa | [trɔ̃hbə] |
Thar
thar | [har] |
thar an | [har əN(ʲ)] |
tharam | [harəm] |
tharad | [harəd] |
thairis air | [harʲɪʃ ɛrʲ] |
thairte | [haRʃdʲə] |
tharainn | [harɪNʲ] |
tharaibh | [harɪv] |
tharta | [haRʃdə] |
Personal pronouns
mi | [mĩː] | [mi] |
thu tu |
[uː] [duː] |
[u] [du] |
e | [ɛː] | [ə] |
i | [iː] | [i] |
sinn | [ʃiːNʲ] | [ʃiNʲ] |
sibh | [ʃiːv] | [ʃiv] |
iad | [iəd] | [əd] |
Personal pronouns with emphatic suffixes
mise | [mĩʃə] |
thusa tusa |
[usə] [dusə] |
esan | [ɛsən] |
ise | [iʃə] |
sinne | [ʃiNʲə] |
sibhse | [ʃiːvʃə] |
iadsan | [iədsən] |
Possessive pronoun
mo chù | [mə'xuː] |
do chù | [də'xuː] |
a chù | [ə'xuː] |
a cù | [ə'kuː] |
ar cù | [ər'kuː] |
ur cù | [ər'kuː] |
an cù | [əŋ'kuː] |
Possessive pronoun with emphatic suffixes
mo chù-sa | [mə'xuːsə] |
do chù-sa | [də'xuːsə ] |
a chù-san | [ə'xuːsən] |
a cù-se | [ə'kuːʃə] |
ar cù-ne | [ər'kuːnə] |
ur cù-se | [ər'kuːʃə] |
an cù-san | [ən'kuːsən] |
Possessive pronoun with initial vowel
m' anam | [manam] |
d' anam | [danam] |
anam | [anam] |
a h-anam | [ə'hanam] |
ar n-anam | [ər'nanam] |
ur n-anam | [ər'nanam] |
an anam | [ə'nanam] |
Possessive pronoun with initial vowel and emphatic suffixes
m' anam-sa | [manamsə] |
d' anam-sa | [danamsə] |
anam-san | [anamsən] |
a h-anam-se | [ə'hanamʃə] |
ar n-anam-ne | [ər'nanamnə] |
ur n-anam-se | [ər'nanamʃə] |
an anam-san | [ə'nanamsən] |
Beagan gràmair | ||||||||||||
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