An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Pre-aspiration or What the h in mac is about"
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Aspiration is the puffing sound heard, for example, in English, after p, t, c, when those letters are at the beginning of words. Pre-aspiration is a feature that arises in certain languages that insert aspiration before such sounds when they occur in the middle of at the end of a word. | Aspiration is the puffing sound heard, for example, in English, after p, t, c, when those letters are at the beginning of words. Pre-aspiration is a feature that arises in certain languages that insert aspiration before such sounds when they occur in the middle of at the end of a word. | ||
− | The weird thing about pre-aspiration is that it's one of those Sprachbund features. | + | The weird thing about pre-aspiration is that it's one of those Sprachbund features. That means that it's a phenomenon which occurs in a specific area within languages unrelated to each other. For example, Gaelic is infinitely closer to Irish and Manx yet it shares pre-aspiration with Icelandic, Sami, Greenlandic, Norwegian, Siksika (also known as Blackfoot, a native American language), and a few other languages on the Arctic Circle: |
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Let's have a closer look at what happens in Gaelic: | Let's have a closer look at what happens in Gaelic: | ||
− | This is where the weird stuff begins - but | + | This is where the weird stuff begins - but here are a few basic rules for what to do when. |
− | *Most Scottish Gaelic dialects have pre-aspiration these days, so if you | + | *Most Scottish Gaelic dialects have pre-aspiration, these days, so if you're learning Gaelic, you should pre-aspirate. |
− | *The majority of speakers have moderate pre-aspiration | + | *The majority of speakers have moderate pre-aspiration. Although most speakers insert [ʰ] or [h], very few insert [x] throughout. |
− | *Pre-aspiration never occurs word initially | + | *Pre-aspiration never occurs word initially, it's strongest in the second syllable, and weakest in subsequent syllables - although there are not many instances of subsequent syllables. Also, pre-aspiration is weaker after long vowels. |
− | *Pre-aspiration adjusts for broad | + | *Pre-aspiration adjusts for broad or slender vowels. Before a broad vowel it's [ʰ], but before a slender vowel this changes to [ç] - as seen in chì [çiː], only less prominent. For convenience sake it's usually just transcribed as [ʰ]. |
Thus you should pre-aspirate as follows: | Thus you should pre-aspirate as follows: | ||
Loidhne 47: | Loidhne 47: | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | So what's the weird bit? Well, for one thing it's | + | So what's the weird bit? Well, for one thing, it's factual that pre-aspiration is rare amongst the languages of the world and that it's most frequent around the Arctic Circle. The other weird bit is that pre-aspiration is "staggered". That means that [ʰk] is the sound most likely to be pre-aspirated and most strongly aspirated. And also, if pre-aspiration occurs before [ʰt̪] it must always, also, occur before [ʰp]. Look at the map above and have a look at pre-aspiration in Bute, Cowal & North Kintyre to see [maxk] [kupə] and [kat̪]. |
− | Incidentally, there are/were some dialects which | + | Incidentally, there are/were some dialects which did not have pre-aspiration. Look at the map again to see that the Gaelic of East Perthshire and Kintyre & Arran did not have pre-aspiration, at all. This is something interesting to listen for should you meet a speaker from one of these areas. |
− | But why? What for? Interesting question | + | But why? What for? Interesting question, but next time you meet a few linguists, ask them that question and watch them work each other into apopleptic fits. It's interesting because there are several theories, all of which have merit, but somehow none of them is fully convincing. Not yet anyway. Some claim that pre-aspiration is a feature spread by Norse, but that kind of worries Blackfoot linguists. Others say pre-aspiration derives from geminate stops (long consonants, in other words). But if pre-aspiration is common and widespread, why only around the Arctic? And some linguits base their theory on structural phonology ... |
But that last bit needn't worry you as a learner or speaker of Gaelic as long as you know what to do when. | But that last bit needn't worry you as a learner or speaker of Gaelic as long as you know what to do when. |
Mùthadh on 06:44, 27 dhen Iuchar 2013
This is both a fascinating and slightly boring topic. Boring because it is probably one of the most often cited features of Gaelic. Fascinating because ... well, you'll see.
Aspiration is the puffing sound heard, for example, in English, after p, t, c, when those letters are at the beginning of words. Pre-aspiration is a feature that arises in certain languages that insert aspiration before such sounds when they occur in the middle of at the end of a word.
The weird thing about pre-aspiration is that it's one of those Sprachbund features. That means that it's a phenomenon which occurs in a specific area within languages unrelated to each other. For example, Gaelic is infinitely closer to Irish and Manx yet it shares pre-aspiration with Icelandic, Sami, Greenlandic, Norwegian, Siksika (also known as Blackfoot, a native American language), and a few other languages on the Arctic Circle:
k | p | t | |
Gaelic | mac [maʰk] | cupa [kuʰpə] | cat [kaʰt̪] |
(Irish) | mac [mak] | cupán [kopɑːn] | cat [kat̪] |
Icelandic | sakka [sɑhkɑ] | koppar [kɔhpɑr] | vítt [viht] |
Faroese | bakki [baʰcːɩ] | koppur [kɔʰpːɷr] | mítt [mɷʏ̯ʰtː] |
Siksika | ihkitsíka [iʰkit'sika] | ihpiyi [iʰpiji] | staahtsitsis [staːʰtsitsis] |
Let's have a closer look at what happens in Gaelic:
This is where the weird stuff begins - but here are a few basic rules for what to do when.
- Most Scottish Gaelic dialects have pre-aspiration, these days, so if you're learning Gaelic, you should pre-aspirate.
- The majority of speakers have moderate pre-aspiration. Although most speakers insert [ʰ] or [h], very few insert [x] throughout.
- Pre-aspiration never occurs word initially, it's strongest in the second syllable, and weakest in subsequent syllables - although there are not many instances of subsequent syllables. Also, pre-aspiration is weaker after long vowels.
- Pre-aspiration adjusts for broad or slender vowels. Before a broad vowel it's [ʰ], but before a slender vowel this changes to [ç] - as seen in chì [çiː], only less prominent. For convenience sake it's usually just transcribed as [ʰ].
Thus you should pre-aspirate as follows:
c | p | t |
càr (none) [kaːɾ] | pòr (none) [pɔːɾ] | tùr (none) [t̪uːɾ] |
mac [maʰk] | cupa [kuʰpə] | cat [kaʰt̪] |
mic [miçkʲ] | cipean [kʲiçpan] | lite [ʎiçtʲɪ] |
So what's the weird bit? Well, for one thing, it's factual that pre-aspiration is rare amongst the languages of the world and that it's most frequent around the Arctic Circle. The other weird bit is that pre-aspiration is "staggered". That means that [ʰk] is the sound most likely to be pre-aspirated and most strongly aspirated. And also, if pre-aspiration occurs before [ʰt̪] it must always, also, occur before [ʰp]. Look at the map above and have a look at pre-aspiration in Bute, Cowal & North Kintyre to see [maxk] [kupə] and [kat̪].
Incidentally, there are/were some dialects which did not have pre-aspiration. Look at the map again to see that the Gaelic of East Perthshire and Kintyre & Arran did not have pre-aspiration, at all. This is something interesting to listen for should you meet a speaker from one of these areas.
But why? What for? Interesting question, but next time you meet a few linguists, ask them that question and watch them work each other into apopleptic fits. It's interesting because there are several theories, all of which have merit, but somehow none of them is fully convincing. Not yet anyway. Some claim that pre-aspiration is a feature spread by Norse, but that kind of worries Blackfoot linguists. Others say pre-aspiration derives from geminate stops (long consonants, in other words). But if pre-aspiration is common and widespread, why only around the Arctic? And some linguits base their theory on structural phonology ...
But that last bit needn't worry you as a learner or speaker of Gaelic as long as you know what to do when.
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