An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Lenition"

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(13 mùthaidhean eadar-mheadhanach le 2 chleachdaiche eile nach eil 13 'gan sealltainn)
Loidhne 1: Loidhne 1:
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Lenition (softening) is a process whereby certain consonants which appear at the beginning of words are made 'softer'.  This is indicated in writing by adding a h to the consonant.  For example lenition changes [p] to an [f] sound which is spelled <span style="color: #008000;">ph</span>.  Lenition changes an initial <span style="color: #008000;">b</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">bh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">g</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">gh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">c</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">ch</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">d</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">dh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">t</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">th</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">m</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">mh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">sh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">fh</span> as we have seen already.  See above for the pronounciation of <span style="color: #008000;">ph, bh, gh, ch, dh, th, mh, sh, fh</span>.
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Lenition (softening) is a process whereby certain consonants which appear at the beginning of words are made 'softer'.  This is indicated in writing by adding a h after the consonant.  For example, lenition changes [p] to an [f] sound which is spelled <span style="color: #008000;">ph</span>.  Lenition changes an initial <span style="color: #008000;">b</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">bh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">g</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">gh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">c</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">ch</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">d</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">dh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">t</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">th</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">m</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">mh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">sh</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">fh</span> as we have seen already.  See below for the pronounciation of <span style="color: #008000;">ph, bh, gh, ch, dh, th, mh, sh, fh</span>.
  
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The -h form of a consonant, when it appears at the beginning of words, is referred to as the lenited form of the consonant.  Those consonants which can 'add' h are called lenitable consonants; there are only nine of them.  There are three more consonants which are also lenitable but which do not show this in the spelling: l, n and r.  No we're not mental, see the special pages on l, n, r on this topic.
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The -h form of a consonant, when it appears at the beginning of words, is referred to as the lenited form of the consonant.  Those consonants which can 'add' <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> are called lenitable consonants and there are only nine of them.  There are three more consonants which can take on audible lenition but the lenition does not show in the spelling: <span style="color: #008000;">l</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">n</span> and <span style="color: #008000;">r</span>.  No we're not mental. See the special pages on [[Liquids or - L N R in Gaelic|l n r]] on this topic.
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Lenition is usually, but not always caused by a preceding word.  Consider the following example:
 
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a cat her cat
 
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a chat his cat
 
  
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You will see that the word for <her> and <his> is a, the only difference between them being that the word for <his> lenites a following (lenitable) consonant whereas the word for <her> does not.  We say that a <his> is a leniting word, and that it lenites a follwing word.  We will distinguish between leniting and non-leniting words by placing the symbol * after those words which cause lenition.  Lenition is extremely common in Scottish Gaelic and you will meet many more leniting words and particles as you progress.  Here are some more examples of the words for <his> and <her>:
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Lenition is usually, but not always, caused by a preceding word.  Consider the following example:
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[[File:lenition01.ogg|noicon|90px]]
 
 
{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>Short [ɯ] from <span style="color: #008000;">u</span><span style="color: #008000;">i</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #008000;"><span style="color: #000000;">. Like [ɯː] but short </span></span></strong>
 
 
|-
 
|-
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| '''[ɯʃgʲə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''uisge'''</span> || water (n.)
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| a cat || her cat
 
|-
 
|-
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| '''[ɯʃag]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''uiseag'''</span> || lark
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| a chat || his cat
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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bàta
 
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piuthar
 
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geansaidh
 
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cù
 
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dealbh
 
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taigh
 
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mac
 
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sùil
 
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falt boat
 
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sister
 
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jumper
 
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dog
 
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picture
 
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house
 
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son
 
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eye
 
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hair a bàta
 
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a piuthar
 
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a geansaidh
 
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a cù
 
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a dealbh
 
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a taigh
 
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a mac
 
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a sùil
 
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a falt her boat
 
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her sister
 
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her jumper
 
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her dog
 
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her picture
 
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her house
 
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her son
 
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her eye
 
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her hair a bhàta
 
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a phiuthar
 
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a gheansaidh
 
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a chù
 
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a dhealbh
 
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a thaigh
 
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a mhac
 
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a shùil
 
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a fhalt his boat
 
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his sister
 
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his jumper
 
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his dog
 
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his picture
 
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his house
 
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his son
 
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his eye
 
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his hair
 
  
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Lenition and Slenderisation
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You'll see that the word for both ''her'' and ''his'' is <span style="color: #008000;">a</span>. The only difference between them is that the word for ''his'' lenites a following lenitable consonant but the word for ''her'' does not.  We say that <span style="color: #008000;">a</span>, ''his'', is a leniting word because it lenites a following word.  We will distinguish between leniting and non-leniting words by placing the symbol * after those words which cause lenition.  In Scottish Gaelic, lenition is extremely common and you'll will meet many more leniting words and particles as you progress.  Here are some more examples of the words for ''his'' and ''her'':
  
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Lenition and slenderisation can operate simultaneously on a word. When we address a person in Gaelic, the name is preceded by a which lenites the initial consonant e.g.:
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[[File:lenition01.mp3]]<br />
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{| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
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|-
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| '''[baːhdə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bàta'''</span> || boat || '''[ə baːhdə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a bàta'''</span> || her boat || '''[ə vaːhdə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a bhàta'''</span> || his boat
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|-
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| '''[pju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''piuthar'''</span> || sister || '''[ə pju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a piuthar'''</span> || her sister || '''[ə fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a phiuthar'''</span> || his sister
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|-
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| '''[gʲɛnsɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''geansaidh'''</span> || jumper || '''[ə gʲɛnsɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a geansaidh'''</span> || her jumper || '''[ə ʝɛnsɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a gheansaidh'''</span> || his jumper
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|-
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| '''[kuː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cù'''</span> || dog || '''[ə kuː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a cù'''</span> || her dog || '''[ə xuː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a chù'''</span> || his dog
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|-
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| '''[dʲɛLɛv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dealbh'''</span> || picture || '''[ə dʲɛLɛv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a dealbh'''</span> || her picture || '''[ə ʝɛLɛv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a dhealbh'''</span> || his picture
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|-
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| '''[tɤj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''taigh'''</span> || house || '''[ə tɤj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a taigh'''</span> || her house || '''[ə hɤj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a thaigh'''</span> || his house
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|-
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| '''[maxg]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mac'''</span> || son || '''[ə maxg]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a mac'''</span> || her son || '''[ə vaxg]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a mhac'''</span> || his son
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|-
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| '''[suːl]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''sùil'''</span> || eye || '''[ə suːl]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a sùil'''</span> || her eye || '''[ə huːl]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a shùil'''</span> || his eye
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|-
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| '''[faLd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''falt'''</span> || hair || '''[ə faLd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a falt'''</span> || her hair || '''[aLd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhalt'''</span> || his hair
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|-
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|}
  
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Download seimheachadh02
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==Lenition and Slenderisation==
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normal form address form
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Lenition and slenderisation can operate simultaneously on a word.  In Gaelic, when we address a person, the name is preceded by <span style="color: #008000;">a</span> which lenites the initial consonant:
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Mórag
 
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Màiri
 
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Catrìona a Mhórag
 
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a Mhàiri
 
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a Chatrìona Morag
 
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Mary
 
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Catherine (cf. O Morag!)
 
  
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However, when we address a male, the name is also slenderised e.g.:
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[[File:lenition02.mp3]]<br />
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normal form address form
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{| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
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Seumas
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|-
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Dòmhnall
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! colspan="3;" align="left" | Basic form
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Tormod a Sheumais
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! colspan="3;" align="left" | Address form
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a Dhòmhnaill
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|-
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A Thormoid James
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| '''[moːrag]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Mórag'''</span> || Morag || '''[ə voːrag]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Mhórag!'''</span> || Morag!
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Donald
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|-
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Norman
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| '''[maːrʲɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Màiri'''</span> || Mary || '''[ə vaːrʲɪ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Mhàiri!'''</span> || Mary!
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|-
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| '''[ka'triənə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Catrìona'''</span> || Katherine || '''[ə xa'triənə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Chatrìona!'''</span> || Katherine!
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|-
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|}
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However, when we address a male, the name is lenited and also slenderised:
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{| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
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|-
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! colspan="3;" align="left" | Basic form
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! colspan="3;" align="left" | Address form
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|-
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| '''[ʃeːməs]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Seumas'''</span> || James/Hamish || '''[ə heːmɪʃ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Sheumais!'''</span> || James/Hamish!
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|-
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| '''[dõː.əL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Dòmhnall'''</span> || Donald || '''[ə ɣõː.ɪLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Dhòmhnaill!'''</span> || Donald!
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|-
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| '''[tɔrɔməd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Tormod'''</span> || Norman || '''[ə hɔrɔmɪdʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''a Thormoid!'''</span> || Norman!
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|-
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|}
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<br />
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<br />
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{{Fuaimean}}

Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 17:22, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016

Lenition (softening) is a process whereby certain consonants which appear at the beginning of words are made 'softer'. This is indicated in writing by adding a h after the consonant. For example, lenition changes [p] to an [f] sound which is spelled ph. Lenition changes an initial b to bh, g to gh, c to ch, d to dh, t to th, m to mh, s to sh, f to fh as we have seen already. See below for the pronounciation of ph, bh, gh, ch, dh, th, mh, sh, fh.

The -h form of a consonant, when it appears at the beginning of words, is referred to as the lenited form of the consonant. Those consonants which can 'add' h are called lenitable consonants and there are only nine of them. There are three more consonants which can take on audible lenition but the lenition does not show in the spelling: l, n and r. No we're not mental. See the special pages on l n r on this topic.

Lenition is usually, but not always, caused by a preceding word. Consider the following example:

a cat her cat
a chat his cat

You'll see that the word for both her and his is a. The only difference between them is that the word for his lenites a following lenitable consonant but the word for her does not. We say that a, his, is a leniting word because it lenites a following word. We will distinguish between leniting and non-leniting words by placing the symbol * after those words which cause lenition. In Scottish Gaelic, lenition is extremely common and you'll will meet many more leniting words and particles as you progress. Here are some more examples of the words for his and her:

Download

[baːhdə] bàta boat [ə baːhdə] a bàta her boat [ə vaːhdə] a bhàta his boat
[pju.ər] piuthar sister [ə pju.ər] a piuthar her sister [ə fju.ər] a phiuthar his sister
[gʲɛnsɪ] geansaidh jumper [ə gʲɛnsɪ] a geansaidh her jumper [ə ʝɛnsɪ] a gheansaidh his jumper
[kuː] cù dog [ə kuː] a cù her dog [ə xuː] a chù his dog
[dʲɛLɛv] dealbh picture [ə dʲɛLɛv] a dealbh her picture [ə ʝɛLɛv] a dhealbh his picture
[tɤj] taigh house [ə tɤj] a taigh her house [ə hɤj] a thaigh his house
[maxg] mac son [ə maxg] a mac her son [ə vaxg] a mhac his son
[suːl] sùil eye [ə suːl] a sùil her eye [ə huːl] a shùil his eye
[faLd] falt hair [ə faLd] a falt her hair [aLd] fhalt his hair

Lenition and Slenderisation

Lenition and slenderisation can operate simultaneously on a word. In Gaelic, when we address a person, the name is preceded by a which lenites the initial consonant:

Download

Basic form Address form
[moːrag] Mórag Morag [ə voːrag] a Mhórag! Morag!
[maːrʲɪ] Màiri Mary [ə vaːrʲɪ] a Mhàiri! Mary!
[ka'triənə] Catrìona Katherine [ə xa'triənə] a Chatrìona! Katherine!


However, when we address a male, the name is lenited and also slenderised:

Basic form Address form
[ʃeːməs] Seumas James/Hamish [ə heːmɪʃ] a Sheumais! James/Hamish!
[dõː.əL] Dòmhnall Donald [ə ɣõː.ɪLʲ] a Dhòmhnaill! Donald!
[tɔrɔməd] Tormod Norman [ə hɔrɔmɪdʲ] a Thormoid! Norman!



Fuaimean na Gàidhlig
᚛ Vowels - Consonants - Fricatives - Slenderisation - Pre-aspiration - Lenition - Helping vowel - Diphthongs ᚜
᚛ Hiatus - l n r - rt & rd - Vowels before rr ll nn - Unstressed vowels ᚜


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