An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Consonants"

O Goireasan Akerbeltz
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(9 mùthaidhean eadar-mheadhanach le 2 chleachdaiche eile nach eil 9 'gan sealltainn)
Loidhne 1: Loidhne 1:
−
Gaelic spelling only uses 13 consonant symbols (<span style="color: #008000;">b, c, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, t</span>) to represent almost 30 different Gaelic consonant sounds.  In Gaelic the consonants may be divided into two groups, the 'broad' consonants and the 'narrow (slender)' consonants.   
+
Gaelic spelling only uses 13 consonant symbols (<span style="color: #008000;">b, c, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, t</span>) to represent almost 30 different Gaelic consonant sounds.  In Gaelic, the consonants are divided into two groups, the 'broad' consonants and the 'narrow (slender)' consonants.   
  
 
==Broad and slender pairs==
 
==Broad and slender pairs==
−
For every broad consonant, there is a corresponding narrow consonant; so we may speak of a broad and slender <span style="color: #008000;">s, d</span> and so on.  Listen to the difference between:
+
For every broad consonant, there's a corresponding narrow consonant; so, we may speak of a broad and slender <span style="color: #008000;">s, d</span>, and so on.  Listen to the difference between:
−
 
+
[[File:consonants01.mp3]]<br />
−
[[File:Consonants01.ogg|noicon|90px]]
 
 
{| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 23: Loidhne 22:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Note that d and t are dental sounds in Gaelic (i.e. the tongue touches the teeth).
+
Note that broad d and broad t are dental sounds in Gaelic (i.e. the tongue touches the teeth).
  
 
==How does the spelling show broad and slender?==
 
==How does the spelling show broad and slender?==
−
A consonant is broad if it is preceded or followed by any of the broad vowel letters <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span> (short or long); a consonant is slender if it is preceded or followed by any of the slender vowel letters <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span> (short or long).  Preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span> therefore indicate that a consonant is broad.  Similarly, preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span> indicate that a consonant is slender.  Since a consonant can not be both broad and slender, vowels on both sides of a consonant must agree according to colour (broad or slender).  This is sometimes stated as a rule:
+
A consonant is broad if it's preceded or followed by any of the broad vowels <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span>, short or long, and a consonant is slender if it's preceded or followed by any of the slender vowels <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span>, short or long.  Therefore, a consonant preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span> indicates that a consonant is broad.  Similarly, a consonant preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span> indicates that a consonant is slender.  Since a consonant can not be both broad and slender, vowels on both sides of a consonant must be in accord as to their broad or slender colouring.  This is sometimes stated as a rule:
 
  <span style="color: #008000;">caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann</span>
 
  <span style="color: #008000;">caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann</span>
 
  slender with slender and broad with broad
 
  slender with slender and broad with broad
Loidhne 43: Loidhne 42:
 
==The Pronunciation of Gaelic Consonants==
 
==The Pronunciation of Gaelic Consonants==
  
−
The pronunciation of the broad consonants is in some cases similar to their English counterparts but there are many differences.  The pronunciation of <span style="color: #008000;">l n r</span> is radically different in Gaelic and treated in a special section, although some of the sound files are located on this page.
+
In some cases, the pronunciation of the broad consonants is similar to their English counterparts, but there are many differences.  In Gaelic, the pronunciation of <span style="color: #008000;">l n r</span> is radically different and their pronunciation is treated in a special section, although some of the sound files are located on this page.
  
−
The only accurate guide to the pronunciation of these sounds is the IPA representation. Ideally you should use these guides in conjunction with the help of a native speaker, but even without such help the IPA gives a very good guide to the pronunciation.  Don't shun it - it is a tool especially designed for this use by professionals - accurate representation of sounds in other languages.  See also our [[Rough Guide to the IPA]].
+
The only accurate guide to the pronunciation of these sounds is the IPA representation. Ideally, you should use these guides in conjunction with the help of a native speaker. But, even without such help, the IPA gives a very good guide to pronunciation.  Don't shun it - it's a tool especially designed by professionals as a pronunciation guide, and a complete IPA chart offers an accurate representation of the sounds of the world's languages.  See also our [[Rough Guide to the IPA]].
  
 
==B sounds==
 
==B sounds==
−
[[File:Consonants02.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants02.mp3]]<br />
 
Broad b is like the ''p'' in ''spit'' or ''sport''.
 
Broad b is like the ''p'' in ''spit'' or ''sport''.
  
−
This is a devoiced and unaspirated bilabial stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].
+
This is a devoiced and [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]] bilabial stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].
  
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 79: Loidhne 78:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Slender b is pronounced similarly to broad b, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> if following a [[back vowel]].
+
Slender b is pronounced similarly to broad b, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> if followed by a [[back vowel]]. The hardcore IPA symbol for this is [b̊j].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 99: Loidhne 98:
  
 
==D sounds==
 
==D sounds==
−
[[File:Consonants03.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants03.mp3]]<br />
−
Broad d is close to <t> in <start> or <stuck>.
+
Broad d is close to <t> as in <start> or <stuck>.
  
−
This is a devoiced and unaspirated dental stop. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced.
+
This is a devoiced and [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]] dental stop. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The full IPA symbol is [d̪̊] or [t̪].
  
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 128: Loidhne 127:
 
Slender d is somewhat similar to <j> in <judge>, but devoiced.
 
Slender d is somewhat similar to <j> in <judge>, but devoiced.
  
−
This is both devoiced and dental. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip and with less lip rounding.
+
This is both devoiced and dental. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip and with less lip rounding. In full IPA, we'd write [d̊ʲ] or [tʲ].
  
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 149: Loidhne 148:
  
 
==G sounds==
 
==G sounds==
−
[[File:consonants04.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants04.mp3]]<br />
 
Broad g is like the <k> or <c> in <skunk> or <scorn>.
 
Broad g is like the <k> or <c> in <skunk> or <scorn>.
  
−
This is a devoiced and unaspirated stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced.
+
This is a devoiced and [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]] stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced, so the pure IPA symbol would be [g̊] or [k].
  
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 174: Loidhne 173:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Slender g is a little similar to the <g> in <argue>.   
+
Slender g is somewhat similar to the <g> in <argue>.   
  
−
This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate). It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop.
+
This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth, at your palate. It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, [g̊ʲ] or [kʲ].
  
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 197: Loidhne 196:
  
 
==P sounds==
 
==P sounds==
−
[[File:consonants05.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants05.mp3]]<br />
−
Broad p is like <p> in <pad> at the beginning of a word.
+
Broad p is like the <p> in <pad> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, we'd write [pʰ].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 209: Loidhne 208:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Like <p> in <pad> preceded by <h> otherwise. Pre-aspirated in a stressed syllable.
+
Elsewhere, non-initially, <p> as in <pad> is preceded by <h> and pre-aspirated in a stressed syllable. In full IPA this would be [ʰp].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 220: Loidhne 219:
 
|}
 
|}
 
   
 
   
−
Slender p is pronounced like broad <p>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> after a back vowel.
+
Slender p is pronounced like broad <p>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> after a back vowel. [pʰj] in full IPA.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 231: Loidhne 230:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Like <p> in <pea> preceded by <h> otherwise in a stressed syllable.
+
Like <p> in <pea> preceded by <h>, in all other positions, in a stressed syllable.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 239: Loidhne 238:
  
 
==T sounds==
 
==T sounds==
−
[[File:consonants06.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants06.mp3]]<br />
−
Broad t is somewhat like <t> in <tap> at the beginning of a word but dental. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  This sound is also aspirated.
+
Broad t is somewhat like <t> in <tap> at the beginning of a word, but dental. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  This sound is also aspirated, so in pure IPA we'd write [t̪ʰ].
  
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 252: Loidhne 251:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Like <t> in <tap> preceded by <h> otherwise but dental. This sound is also pre-aspirated.
+
Like <t> in <tap> preceded by <h> otherwise but dental. This sound is also pre-aspirated, [ʰt̪] in full IPA.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 263: Loidhne 262:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Slender t is somewhat similar to <c> in <chew> at the beginning of words but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip.
+
At the beginning of words, slender t is somewhat similar to <c> in <chew>, but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. Pure IPA writes this as [tʲʰ].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 274: Loidhne 273:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h> otherwise but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip.
+
Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h>, but in all other positions it's unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. [ʰtʲ] in full IPA.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 286: Loidhne 285:
  
 
==C sounds==
 
==C sounds==
−
[[File:consonants07.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants07.mp3]]<br />
−
Broad c is the same as <c> in <can> at the beginning of a word.
+
Broad c is the same as <c> in <can> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, [kʰ].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 298: Loidhne 297:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Like <c> in <cat> preceded by [x] otherwise.
+
Like <c> in <cat> but in all other positions preceded by [x], [xk] in pure IPA.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 311: Loidhne 310:
 
Slender c is similar to the <c> in <cue> at the beginning of a word.   
 
Slender c is similar to the <c> in <cue> at the beginning of a word.   
  
−
This sound is very much like [k] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate).  It is a voiceless and aspirated, palatalised stop.
+
This sound is very much like [k] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate).  It's a voiceless and aspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, this would be [kʲʰ].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 322: Loidhne 321:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Similar to the <c> in <cue> otherwise but pre-aspirated. It is a voiceless and pre-aspirated, palatalised stop.
+
Similar to the <c> in <cue>, but pre-aspirated in all other positions. It's a voiceless and pre-aspirated, palatalised stop.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 334: Loidhne 333:
  
 
==M sounds==
 
==M sounds==
−
[[File:consonants08.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants08.mp3]]<br />
 
Broad m is exactly like <m> in <mat>.
 
Broad m is exactly like <m> in <mat>.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 348: Loidhne 347:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Slender m is pronounced just like broad <m> but accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> (as in English <mule>) if a back vowel follows.
+
Slender m is pronounced just like broad <m> but accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes>, as in English <mule>, if a back vowel follows.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 362: Loidhne 361:
  
 
==F sounds==
 
==F sounds==
−
[[File:consonants09.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants09.mp3]]<br />
 
Broad f is like <f> in <fat>.
 
Broad f is like <f> in <fat>.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
Loidhne 374: Loidhne 373:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Slender <f> is pronounced like broad <f>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> (similar to English <few>) if followed by a back vowel.
+
Slender <f> is pronounced like broad <f>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes>, similar to English <few>, if followed by a back vowel.
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 383: Loidhne 382:
 
| '''[fjuː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fiù'''</span> || even
 
| '''[fjuː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fiù'''</span> || even
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''[fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''miùg'''</span> || expectation
+
| '''[fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fiughair'''</span> || expectation
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
==S sounds==
 
==S sounds==
−
[[File:consonants10.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+
[[File:consonants10.mp3]]<br />
−
Broad ''s'' is a bit like ''s'' in ''sat'' but dental.
+
Broad ''s'' is a bit like ''s'' in ''sat'', but dental. In pure IPA, [s̪].
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
{| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-

Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 17:19, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016

Gaelic spelling only uses 13 consonant symbols (b, c, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, t) to represent almost 30 different Gaelic consonant sounds. In Gaelic, the consonants are divided into two groups, the 'broad' consonants and the 'narrow (slender)' consonants.

Broad and slender pairs

For every broad consonant, there's a corresponding narrow consonant; so, we may speak of a broad and slender s, d, and so on. Listen to the difference between: Download

Broad s Slender s
[kas] cas leg [kaːʃ] càis cheese
[suːl] sùil eye [ʃuːl] siùil sails
Broad d Slender d
[bad] bad clump (n.) [badʲ] baid clump (genitive)
[duːd] dùd blast (n.) [dʲuːdʲ] diùid shy

Note that broad d and broad t are dental sounds in Gaelic (i.e. the tongue touches the teeth).

How does the spelling show broad and slender?

A consonant is broad if it's preceded or followed by any of the broad vowels a o u, short or long, and a consonant is slender if it's preceded or followed by any of the slender vowels i e, short or long. Therefore, a consonant preceding or following a o u indicates that a consonant is broad. Similarly, a consonant preceding or following i e indicates that a consonant is slender. Since a consonant can not be both broad and slender, vowels on both sides of a consonant must be in accord as to their broad or slender colouring. This is sometimes stated as a rule: 

caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann
slender with slender and broad with broad

Consider the following examples:

[kalag] [baLə] [gʲiLʲə] [dɯːNʲə] [bagə] [pɛhbɛr] [ʃeːməs] [maːrʲɪ] [brɔːgən]
caileag balla gille daoine baga pàipear Seumas Máiri brògan
girl wall boy people bag paper James Mary shoes

The Pronunciation of Gaelic Consonants

In some cases, the pronunciation of the broad consonants is similar to their English counterparts, but there are many differences. In Gaelic, the pronunciation of l n r is radically different and their pronunciation is treated in a special section, although some of the sound files are located on this page.

The only accurate guide to the pronunciation of these sounds is the IPA representation. Ideally, you should use these guides in conjunction with the help of a native speaker. But, even without such help, the IPA gives a very good guide to pronunciation. Don't shun it - it's a tool especially designed by professionals as a pronunciation guide, and a complete IPA chart offers an accurate representation of the sounds of the world's languages. See also our Rough Guide to the IPA.

B sounds

Download
Broad b is like the p in spit or sport.

This is a devoiced and unaspirated bilabial stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].

[baLə] balla wall (n.)
[bad] bad clump (n.)
[bahdə] bata stick (n.)
[balə] baile town
[basgadʲ] basgaid basket
[ab] ab(a) abbott
[kab] cab gap (n.)
[piːb] pìob pipe (n.)
[dʲiːləb] dìleab legacy
[abɪrʲ] abair say!
[kabər] cabar rafter

Slender b is pronounced similarly to broad b, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> if followed by a back vowel. The hardcore IPA symbol for this is [b̊j].

[biː] bidh will be
[bir] bior sharp
[bɛn] bean wife
[bjɔː] beò alive
[bjuːg] biùg faint sound
[kaibə] caibe spade
[Luib] lùib bend (n.)

D sounds

Download
Broad d is close to <t> as in <start> or <stuck>.

This is a devoiced and unaspirated dental stop. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The full IPA symbol is [d̪̊] or [t̪].

[dah] dath colour (n.)
[darə] dara second (adj.)
[dãv] damh stag
[duːl] dùil hope, expectation
[bad] bad clump (n.)
[dad] dad anything
[sad] sad shake!
[kLɔgəd] clogad helmet
[kadəL] cadal sleep

Slender d is somewhat similar to <j> in <judge>, but devoiced.

This is both devoiced and dental. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip and with less lip rounding. In full IPA, we'd write [d̊ʲ] or [tʲ].

[dʲeː] dé what?
[dʲigʲ] dig come (future dependent)
[dʲɛrɛg] dearg red
[dʲɛLɛv] dealbh picture
[madʲə] maide stick (n.)
[karɪdʲ] caraid friend
[bɔːdʲ] bòid vow (n.)

G sounds

Download
Broad g is like the <k> or <c> in <skunk> or <scorn>.

This is a devoiced and unaspirated stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced, so the pure IPA symbol would be [g̊] or [k].

[gad] gad withe
[gax] gach every
[gav] gabh take!
[gaL] gal crying
[Lag] lag weag
[pɔːg] pòg kiss
[tog] tog lift!
[adag] adag haddock

Slender g is somewhat similar to the <g> in <argue>.

This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth, at your palate. It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, [g̊ʲ] or [kʲ].

[gʲiLʲə] gille boy
[gʲaL] geal white
[gʲaːR] gearr cut!
[gʲɔːLə] geòla yawl
[agʲə] aige at him
[Lagʲə] laige weaker
[Rugʲ] ruig arrive!

P sounds

Download

Broad p is like the

in <pad> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, we'd write [pʰ].

[puhd] put push!
[paːʃdʲə] pàiste infant
[pɔuL] poll mud

Elsewhere, non-initially,

as in <pad> is preceded by <h> and pre-aspirated in a stressed syllable. In full IPA this would be [ʰp].

[Rahb] rap rope (n.)
[drahb] drap
[kuhban] cupan cup (n.)

Slender p is pronounced like broad

, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> after a back vowel. [pʰj] in full IPA.

[pian] pian pain (n.)
[pju.ər] piuthar sister
[pjauN] peann pen (n.)

Like

in <pea> preceded by <h>, in all other positions, in a stressed syllable.

[kʲihban] cipean stake (n.)

T sounds

Download
Broad t is somewhat like <t> in <tap> at the beginning of a word, but dental. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth. This sound is also aspirated, so in pure IPA we'd write [t̪ʰ].

[taLə] talla hall
[taLəv] talamh ground, earth
[tog] tog lift!

Like <t> in <tap> preceded by <h> otherwise but dental. This sound is also pre-aspirated, [ʰt̪] in full IPA.

[kahd] cat cat
[bahdə] bata stick (n.)
[baːʰdə] bàta boat

At the beginning of words, slender t is somewhat similar to <c> in <chew>, but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and aspirated. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. Pure IPA writes this as [tʲʰ].

[tʲeː] té (female) one
[tʲauN] teann tight
[tʲaLəx] teallach hearth

Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h>, but in all other positions it's unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. [ʰtʲ] in full IPA.

[aːʰdʲə] àite place (n.)
[içdʲag] iteag feather
[Lʲihdʲɪrʲ] litir letter (n.)

C sounds

Download
Broad c is the same as <c> in <can> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, [kʰ].

[kahd] cat cat
[kuː] cù dog
[kaLʲəx] cailleach old woman

Like <c> in <cat> but in all other positions preceded by [x], [xk] in pure IPA.

[maxg] mac son
[saxg] sac sack (n.)
[bɔːʰgan] bòcan spectre

Slender c is similar to the <c> in <cue> at the beginning of a word.

This sound is very much like [k] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate). It's a voiceless and aspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, this would be [kʲʰ].

[kʲauN] ceann head
[kʲiːLʲ] cill churchyard
[kʲed] cead permission

Similar to the <c> in <cue>, but pre-aspirated in all other positions. It's a voiceless and pre-aspirated, palatalised stop.

[miçgʲ] mic sons
[açgʲə] aice at her
[façgʲ] faic see!

M sounds

Download
Broad m is exactly like <m> in <mat>.

[maxg] mac son
[mahb] map map (n.)
[maːhɪrʲ] màthair mother
[maːrʲɪ] Màiri Mary

Slender m is pronounced just like broad <m> but accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes>, as in English <mule>, if a back vowel follows.

[mi] mi I, me
[miːn] mìn soft
[mjauL] meall lump
[mjuːg] miùg whey

F sounds

Download
Broad f is like <f> in <fat>.

[faːg] fàg leave!
[faːs] fàs grow!
[faLd] falt hair

Slender <f> is pronounced like broad <f>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes>, similar to English <few>, if followed by a back vowel.

[fis] fios knowledge
[feːLʲ] féill festival
[fjuː] fiù even
[fju.ər] fiughair expectation

S sounds

Download
Broad s is a bit like s in sat, but dental. In pure IPA, [s̪].

[sɔhb] sop wisp
[sɔn] son sake
[kas] cas foot
[Lus] lus plant

Slender s is a bit similar to <sh> in <shoe> but without the lip rounding i.e. spread lips.

[ʃɛn] sean old
[ʃauL] seall look!
[kaːʃə] càise cheese



Fuaimean na Gàidhlig
᚛ Vowels - Consonants - Fricatives - Slenderisation - Pre-aspiration - Lenition - Helping vowel - Diphthongs ᚜
᚛ Hiatus - l n r - rt & rd - Vowels before rr ll nn - Unstressed vowels ᚜


Air a tharraing à "http://www.akerbeltz.org/index.php?title=Consonants&oldid=3356"