The Imperative or How to order people around - Eachdraidh nam mùthaidhean

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Akerbeltz: Created page with "The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a th..."

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Created page with "The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a th..."

Duilleag ùr

The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix -(a)ibh [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.

glan seo! clean this!
glanaibh seo! clean this! (to more than one)
ith seo! eat this!
ithibh seo! eat this! (to more than one)

If a basic verb phrase includes a preposition, this is usually dropped in the imperative, e.g.

éisd ri rud eigin to listen to something
> éisd seo! listen to this!
> éisdibh seo! listen to this! (to more than one)
feuch ri rud eigin to try something
> feuch seo! try this!
> feuchaibh seo! try this! (to more than one)

Emphasis is expressed by using the emphasized personal pronouns, e.g.

éisd thusa seo! you listen to this!
éisdibh sibhse seo! you guys listen to this!
feuch thusa seo! you try this!
feuchaibh sibhse seo! you guys try this!

There are also imperative forms for the first and third persons singular and plural. These carry a sense of encouragement or request, best translated as 'let ...' - also referred to as subjunctive forms. The third person is always followed by a personal pronoun. Thus the full paradigm of suffixes is:

-(e)am 1. Person Singular 'let me ...!'
-ø 2. Person Singular ' ...!'
-(e)adh e/i 3. Person Singular 'let him/her ...!'
-(e)amaid 1. Person Plural 'let us ...!'
-(a)ibh 2. Person Plural 'you guys ...!'
-(e)adh iad 3. Person Plural 'let them ...'

Examples (NB: 'let' in the imperative does not carry the meaning of 'give permission' but more like a suggestion or encouragement, like in English 'let's go!' or à la Marie Antoinette 'let them eat cake!')

òladh ise uisge! let her drink water!
òlamaid uisge! let us drink water!

The negative is formed by putting na in front of the imperative forms. Na prefixes h- to a verb beginning with a vowel, e.g.

na glan seo! do not clean this!
na glanaibh seo! do not clean this! (to more than one)
na h-ith seo! do not eat this!
na h-ithibh seo! do not eat this! (to more than one)

There are a few verbs which are only used in the imperative:

thugainn/thugnaibh let's go!
trobhad/trobhadaibh come along!
siuthad/siuthadaibh go on, carry on, go for it!
<br />
<br />
{{BeaganGramair}}

@@ Loidhne 93: / Loidhne 93: @@
 | <span style="color: #008000;">nar leigeadh Dia!</span> || Heaven forbid, God forbid!
 |-
-| <span style="color: #008000;">nar fhaiceam e!</span> || may I not see her, let me not see her!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">nar fhaiceam i!</span> || may I not see her, let me not see her!
 |-
 |}

@@ Loidhne 1: / Loidhne 1: @@
-The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something, when used in the negative. In Gaelic, it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.
+The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something, when used in the negative. In Gaelic, it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> [ɪv] is added to the root, for example:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
@@ Loidhne 13: / Loidhne 13: @@
 |}
-If a basic verb phrase includes a preposition, this is usually dropped in the imperative, e.g.
+If a basic verb phrase includes a preposition, the preposition is usually dropped in the imperative, for example:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
@@ Loidhne 31: / Loidhne 31: @@
 |}
-Emphasis is expressed by using the emphasized personal pronouns, e.g.
+Emphasis is expressed by using the emphasized personal pronouns, for example:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
@@ Loidhne 45: / Loidhne 45: @@
 |}
-There are also imperative forms for the first and third persons singular and plural. These carry a sense of encouragement or request, best translated as 'let ...' - also referred to as subjunctive forms.  The third person is always followed by a personal pronoun.  Thus the full paradigm of suffixes is:
+There are also imperative forms for the first and third persons singular and plural. These carry a sense of encouragement or request, and they're best translated as 'let ...'. These forms are also referred to as subjunctive forms.  The third person is always followed by a personal pronoun.  Thus the full paradigm of suffixes is:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
@@ Loidhne 63: / Loidhne 63: @@
 |}
-Examples (NB: 'let' in the imperative does not carry the meaning of 'give permission' but more like a suggestion or encouragement, like in English 'let's go!' or à la Marie Antoinette 'let them eat cake!')
+N.B. In the imperative, 'let' does not carry the meaning of 'give permission'. It's more like a suggestion or encouragement, like in English 'let's go!' or à la Marie Antoinette 'let them eat cake!'. For example:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
@@ Loidhne 73: / Loidhne 73: @@
 |}
-The negative is formed by putting <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> in front of the imperative forms.  <span style="color: #008000;">Na</span> prefixes <span style="color: #008000;">h-</span> to a verb beginning with a vowel, e.g.
+The negative is formed by putting <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> in front of the imperative forms.  <span style="color: #008000;">Na</span> prefixes <span style="color: #008000;">h-</span> to a verb beginning with a vowel, for example:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
@@ Loidhne 87: / Loidhne 87: @@
 |}
-There's another negative particle that you can stick in front of imperatives: <span style="color: #008000;">nar</span>, a leniting particle. It's a bit tricky to translate though. They are normally translated as "don't let/let not" but they have different force in Gaelic. The one above, <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> is meant as a straightforward order. But the second is what linguists call a negative optative complementiser. Sort of like wishful thinking. Here are some examples of where you might see this:
+There's another negative particle that you can stick in front of imperatives: <span style="color: #008000;">nar</span>, a leniting particle. However, they're both a bit tricky to translate. They're normally translated as "don't let/let not" but they have a different force, in Gaelic. The one above, <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> is meant as a straightforward order. But the other, <span style="color: #008000;">nar</span>, is what linguists call a negative optative complementiser. It's use reflects something like wishful thinking. Here are some examples of where you might see this:
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"

← Mùthadh nas sine		Mùthadh on 07:24, 4 dhen t-Sultain 2013
Loidhne 1:		Loidhne 1:
−	The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.	+	The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something, when used in the negative. In Gaelic, it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.

	{\| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"		{\| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"

@@ Loidhne 1: / Loidhne 1: @@
 The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">glan seo!</span> || clean this!
@@ Loidhne 15: / Loidhne 15: @@
 If a basic verb phrase includes a preposition, this is usually dropped in the imperative, e.g.
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">éist ri rudeigin!</span> || listen to something!
@@ Loidhne 33: / Loidhne 33: @@
 Emphasis is expressed by using the emphasized personal pronouns, e.g.
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">éist thusa seo!</span> || you listen to this!
@@ Loidhne 47: / Loidhne 47: @@
 There are also imperative forms for the first and third persons singular and plural. These carry a sense of encouragement or request, best translated as 'let ...' - also referred to as subjunctive forms.  The third person is always followed by a personal pronoun.  Thus the full paradigm of suffixes is:
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">-(e)am</span> || 1st Person Singular || let me ...!
@@ Loidhne 65: / Loidhne 65: @@
 Examples (NB: 'let' in the imperative does not carry the meaning of 'give permission' but more like a suggestion or encouragement, like in English 'let's go!' or à la Marie Antoinette 'let them eat cake!')
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">òladh ise uisge!</span> || let her drink water!
@@ Loidhne 75: / Loidhne 75: @@
 The negative is formed by putting <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> in front of the imperative forms.  <span style="color: #008000;">Na</span> prefixes <span style="color: #008000;">h-</span> to a verb beginning with a vowel, e.g.
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">na glan seo!</span> || do not clean this!
@@ Loidhne 89: / Loidhne 89: @@
 There's another negative particle that you can stick in front of imperatives: <span style="color: #008000;">nar</span>, a leniting particle. It's a bit tricky to translate though. They are normally translated as "don't let/let not" but they have different force in Gaelic. The one above, <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> is meant as a straightforward order. But the second is what linguists call a negative optative complementiser. Sort of like wishful thinking. Here are some examples of where you might see this:
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">nar leigeadh Dia!</span> || Heaven forbid, God forbid!
@@ Loidhne 99: / Loidhne 99: @@
 There are a few verbs which are only used in the imperative:
-{| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">thugainn/thugnaibh</span> || let's go!

@@ Loidhne 1: / Loidhne 1: @@
-The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary.  To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix -(a)ibh [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.
+The imperative is the form of verbs used to give commands or to forbid something (in the negative). In Gaelic it corresponds to the citation form of verbs, i.e. the form of a the verb you will find in a dictionary. To give a command to more than one addressee, the suffix <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> [ɪv] is added to the root, e.g.
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| glan seo! || clean this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">glan seo!</span> || clean this!
 |-
-| glanaibh seo! || clean this! (to more than one)
+| <span style="color: #008000;">glanaibh seo!</span> || clean this! (to more than one)
 |-
-| ith seo! || eat this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">ith seo!</span> || eat this!
 |-
-| ithibh seo! || eat this! (to more than one)
+| <span style="color: #008000;">ithibh seo!</span> || eat this! (to more than one)
 |-
 |}
@@ Loidhne 17: / Loidhne 17: @@
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| éist ri rudeigin || listen to something!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">éist ri rudeigin!</span> || listen to something!
 |-
-| éist seo! || listen to this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">éist seo!</span> || listen to this!
 |-
-| éistibh seo! || listen to this! (to more than one)
+| <span style="color: #008000;">éistibh seo!</span> || listen to this! (to more than one)
 |-
-| feuch ri rudeigin || try something!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">feuch ri rudeigin!</span> || try something!
 |-
-| feuch seo! || try this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">feuch seo!</span> || try this!
 |-
-| feuchaibh seo! || try this! (to more than one)
+| <span style="color: #008000;">feuchaibh seo!</span> || try this! (to more than one)
 |-
 |}
@@ Loidhne 35: / Loidhne 35: @@
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| éist thusa seo! || you listen to this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">éist thusa seo!</span> || you listen to this!
 |-
-| éistibh sibhse seo! || you guys listen to this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">éistibh sibhse seo!</span> || you guys listen to this!
 |-
-| feuch thusa seo! || you try this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">feuch thusa seo!</span> || you try this!
 |-
-| feuchaibh sibhse seo! || you guys try this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">feuchaibh sibhse seo!</span> || you guys try this!
 |-
 |}
@@ Loidhne 49: / Loidhne 49: @@
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| -(e)am || 1st Person Singular || let me ...!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">-(e)am</span> || 1st Person Singular || let me ...!
 |-
 | || 2nd Person Singular || ...!
 |-
-| -(e)adh e/i || 3rd Person Singular || let him/her ...!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">-(e)adh e/i</span> || 3rd Person Singular || let him/her ...!
 |-
-| -(e)amaid || 1st Person Plural || let us ...!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">-(e)amaid</span> || 1st Person Plural || let us ...!
 |-
-| -(a)ibh || 2nd Person Plural || you guys ...!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">-(a)ibh</span> || 2nd Person Plural || you guys ...!
 |-
-| -(e)adh iad || 3rd Person Plural || let them ...
+| <span style="color: #008000;">-(e)adh iad</span> || 3rd Person Plural || let them ...
 |-
 |}
@@ Loidhne 67: / Loidhne 67: @@
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| òladh ise uisge! || let her drink water!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">òladh ise uisge!</span> || let her drink water!
 |-
-| òlamaid uisge! || let us drink water!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">òlamaid uisge!</span> || let us drink water!
 |-
 |}
-The negative is formed by putting na in front of the imperative forms.  Na prefixes h- to a verb beginning with a vowel, e.g.
+The negative is formed by putting <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> in front of the imperative forms.  <span style="color: #008000;">Na</span> prefixes <span style="color: #008000;">h-</span> to a verb beginning with a vowel, e.g.
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| na glan seo! || do not clean this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">na glan seo!</span> || do not clean this!
 |-
-| na glanaibh seo! || do not clean this! (to more than one)
+| <span style="color: #008000;">na glanaibh seo!</span> || do not clean this! (to more than one)
 |-
-| na h-ith seo! || do not eat this!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">na h-ith seo!</span> || do not eat this!
 |-
-| na h-ithibh seo! || do not eat this! (to more than one)
+| <span style="color: #008000;">na h-ithibh seo!</span> || do not eat this! (to more than one)
 |-
 |}
-There's another negative particle that you can stick in front of imperatives: nar, a leniting particle. It's a bit tricky to translate though. They are normally translated as "don't let/let not" but they have different force in Gaelic. The one above, na is meant as a straightforward order. But the second is what linguists call a negative optative complementiser. Sort of like wishful thinking. Here are some examples of where you might see this:
+There's another negative particle that you can stick in front of imperatives: <span style="color: #008000;">nar</span>, a leniting particle. It's a bit tricky to translate though. They are normally translated as "don't let/let not" but they have different force in Gaelic. The one above, <span style="color: #008000;">na</span> is meant as a straightforward order. But the second is what linguists call a negative optative complementiser. Sort of like wishful thinking. Here are some examples of where you might see this:
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| nar leigeadh Dia! || Heaven forbid, God forbid!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">nar leigeadh Dia!</span> || Heaven forbid, God forbid!
 |-
-| nar fhaiceam e! || may I not see her, let me not see her!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">nar fhaiceam e!</span> || may I not see her, let me not see her!
 |-
 |}
@@ Loidhne 101: / Loidhne 101: @@
 {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| thugainn/thugnaibh || let's go!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">thugainn/thugnaibh</span> || let's go!
 |-
-| trobhad/trobhadaibh || come along!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">trobhad/trobhadaibh</span> || come along!
 |-
-| siuthad/siuthadaibh || go on, carry on, go for it!
+| <span style="color: #008000;">siuthad/siuthadaibh</span> || go on, carry on, go for it!
 |-
 |}