Prepositions made easier - Eachdraidh nam mùthaidhean

Susanharris 23:09, 19 dhen t-Sultain 2013

2013-09-19T23:09:22Z

Akerbeltz 13:46, 18 dhen t-Sultain 2013

2013-09-18T13:46:30Z

Akerbeltz 13:42, 18 dhen t-Sultain 2013

2013-09-18T13:42:43Z

Akerbeltz: /* 3rd Person s */

2013-09-18T13:35:41Z

3rd Person s

Akerbeltz 13:33, 18 dhen t-Sultain 2013

2013-09-18T13:33:40Z

Susanharris 03:12, 18 dhen t-Sultain 2013

2013-09-18T03:12:05Z

Susanharris 02:41, 16 dhen t-Sultain 2013

2013-09-16T02:41:47Z

Akerbeltz 00:40, 4 dhen Chèitean 2013

2013-05-04T00:40:40Z

Akerbeltz: /* Regular */

2013-05-04T00:23:54Z

Regular

Akerbeltz: /* Regular */

2013-05-04T00:23:38Z

Regular

@@ Loidhne 125: / Loidhne 125: @@
 |}
-As you can see, this bunch is mostly regular except for ás, which has [s] instead of the expected [ʃ] and the 3rd person singular feminine leatha which is a bit weird. The (older) Irish form léithe fits the paradigm perfectly though, not that that is any consolation to us.
+As you can see, this bunch is mostly regular except for ás, which has [s] instead of the expected [ʃ]. Historically, the root of ás was ás, not á, so you would have said tha mi ás Alba, thoir ás a' bhogsa e. But at some point, the -s was re-interpreted as the -s that appears in the other prepositions, like le > leis. Thus, the "new root" á was born which led to the pattern tha mi á Alba and thoir ás a' bhogsa e.
+The pronunciation of aiste is /aʃtʃə/ because -s was organic and it followed the normal rules on palatalisation.  The 3rd person singular feminine, leatha, is a bit weird. However, the older Irish form, léithe, fits the paradigm perfectly - not that that's any consolation to us. Again, i gets inserted so the caol ri caol rule isn't broken.
 ==Labial in Root==

@@ Loidhne 95: / Loidhne 95: @@
 | ann-<br/>dhì-|| -(t)a || orra<br/>dhiubh
 |-
 |}
 The most striking feature of this group is that it uses the root form for the 3rd person singular masculine. The other bit to watch out for with air is that the root slenderises in the plural. And we get innte because the root used to be int-. But more of the history later.
@@ Loidhne 103: / Loidhne 103: @@
 ==3rd Person s==
 The next group is also fairly regular, but different because the 3rd person singular masculine adds an -s to the root:
 {| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 125: / Loidhne 123: @@
 | as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thar- || -(t)a/-(th)a || asta<br/>leotha<br/>riutha<br/>tharta
 |-
 |}
 As you can see, this bunch is mostly regular except for ás, which has [s] instead of the expected [ʃ] and the 3rd person singular feminine leatha which is a bit weird. The (older) Irish form léithe fits the paradigm perfectly though, not that that is any consolation to us.
@@ Loidhne 154: / Loidhne 151: @@
 | tromh-<br/>romh-<br/>ua-<br/>fodh-<br/>um- || -pa || tromhpa<br/>romhpa<br/>uapa<br/>fodhpa<br/>umpa
 |-
 |}
 Note: bho follows the same pattern, just with bh- at the beginning i.e. buam, bhuat etc
-Nothing much to add about this group really.  As you'll see later on, that weird -p- isn't part of the ending but rather a very old part of the root that crops up, now and then. But, let's finish this off first and take a look at the Decidedly Weird Group - luckily there's only one preposition - unfortunately it's also perhaps the most common one:
+Nothing much to add about this group really.  As you'll see later on, that weird -p- isn't part of the ending but rather a very old part of the root that crops up, now and then.
 ==Decidedly weird==
 As you can see, compared to the other ones, do is really weird. Historical notes aside, unfortunately, there isn't much else we can add that might help you, except a general note perhaps. For adults, learning a new language invariably involves learning stuff by heart.  If you were doing Basque you'd have to cope with over 12.000 forms for the two verbs 'to be' and 'to have' alone. So, learning the few irregular verbs of Gaelic and these few prepositions really isn't that bad.  It's worthwhile putting in the effort because they are REALLY common. Having to pause before coming out with the correct conjugated preposition does mark you as a learner!
 On to the history then for the curious minds ...
 {{Teamplaid:Roimhearan}}

@@ Loidhne 135: / Loidhne 135: @@
 Almost there.  There next group we decided to call Labial in Root because they - surprise - all contain a labial (b, m, f):
-Group & Endings
+{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
+! align="left" | Root
-LABIAL IN ROOT
+Note: bho follows the same pattern, just with bh- at the beginning i.e. buam, bhuat etc
--(a)m
+Nothing much to add about this group really.  As you'll see later on, that weird -p- isn't part of the ending but rather a very old part of the root that crops up, now and then. But, let's finish this off first and take a look at the Decidedly Weird Group - luckily there's only one preposition - unfortunately it's also perhaps the most common one:
-umam
+==Decidedly weird==
 WEIRD

@@ Loidhne 111: / Loidhne 111: @@
 ! align="left" | Full form
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)m || asam<br/>leam<br/>rium
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thar- || -(a)m || asam<br/>leam<br/>rium<br/>tharam
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)d/t || asad<br/>leat<br/>riut
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thar- || -(a)d/t || asad<br/>leat<br/>riut<br/>tharad
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || ROOT + [ʃ] || (irr.) ás<br/>leis<br/>ris
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thair- || ROOT + [ʃ] || (irr.) ás<br/>leis<br/>ris<br/>thairis
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || slenderise, -the/-te || aiste<br/>(irr.) leatha (cf Irish léi)<br/>rithe
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thair- || slenderise, -the/-te || aiste<br/>(irr.) leatha (cf Irish léi)<br/>rithe<br/>thairte
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)inn || asainn<br/>leinn<br/>r(u)inn
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thar- || -(a)inn || asainn<br/>leinn<br/>r(u)inn<br/>tharainn
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)ibh || asaibh<br/>leibh<br/>r(u)ibh
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thar- || -(a)ibh || asaibh<br/>leibh<br/>r(u)ibh<br/>tharaibh
 |-
-| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(t)a/-(th)a || asta<br/>leotha<br/>riutha
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri-<br/>thar- || -(t)a/-(th)a || asta<br/>leotha<br/>riutha<br/>tharta
 |-
 |}
-thar-am
+As you can see, this bunch is mostly regular except for ás, which has [s] instead of the expected [ʃ] and the 3rd person singular feminine leatha which is a bit weird. The (older) Irish form léithe fits the paradigm perfectly though, not that that is any consolation to us.
 Again, i gets inserted so the caol ri caol rule isn't broken.
 Almost there.  There next group we decided to call Labial in Root because they - surprise - all contain a labial (b, m, f):
 Group & Endings

@@ Loidhne 58: / Loidhne 58: @@
 ! align="left" | Full form
 |-
-| ann || -(a)m || annam
+| ann- || -(a)m || annam
 |-
-| ann || -(a)d/t || annad
+| ann- || -(a)d/t || annad
 |-
-| ann || same as root || ann
+| ann- || same as root || ann
 |-
-| ann || slenderise, -(t)e || innte
+| ann- || slenderise, -(t)e || innte
 |-
-| ann || -(a)inn || annainn
+| ann- || -(a)inn || annainn
 |-
-| ann || -(a)ibh || annaibh
+| ann- || -(a)ibh || annaibh
 |-
-| ann || -(t)a || annta
+| ann- || -(t)a || annta
 |-
 |}
@@ Loidhne 104: / Loidhne 104: @@
 The next group is also fairly regular, but different because the 3rd person singular masculine adds an -s to the root:
-asam
+{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
-asad
+! align="left" | Root
-as
+! align="left" | Analysed preposition
-aiste
+! align="left" | Full form
-asainn
+|-
-asaibh
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)m || asam<br/>leam<br/>rium
-asta
+|-
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)d/t || asad<br/>leat<br/>riut
-  	ROOT: le- 	le
+|-
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || ROOT + [ʃ] || (irr.) ás<br/>leis<br/>ris
+|-
-le-am
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || slenderise, -the/-te || aiste<br/>(irr.) leatha (cf Irish léi)<br/>rithe
-le-at
+|-
-le-is
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)inn || asainn<br/>leinn<br/>r(u)inn
-lei-the
+|-
-le-inn
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(a)ibh || asaibh<br/>leibh<br/>r(u)ibh
-le-ibh
+|-
-leo-tha
+| as-<br/>le-<br/>ri- || -(t)a/-(th)a || asta<br/>leotha<br/>riutha
+|-
+|}
 thar-am

@@ Loidhne 1: / Loidhne 1: @@
-Tricky one. They are very old words/forms and it's been a long time since they they were first formed, involving things like the Old Irish accusative which have been dead for a long time now, so there is no foolproof way of giving you a simple guide which tells you how you can just form them on the spot.
+Tricky one. They are very old words/forms. It's been a long time since they were first formed and they involve things, like the Old Irish accusative, which have been dead for a long time. So, there's no foolproof way of giving you a simple guide which tells you how you can just form them on the spot.
-There's a few pointers that we can give you though.
+However, there are a few pointers that we can give you.
-Broadly speaking you can group modern Gaelic preposition into 5 categories - Regular, Mostly Regular, 3rd Person S, Labial in Root and Decidedly Weird. We have grouped them this way because this then allows you to learn them in groups and perhaps memorise some of rules.  We'll also explain their history further down which may also help some of you to understand these pesky little buggers.
+Broadly speaking, you can group modern Gaelic preposition into 5 categories - Regular, Mostly Regular, 3rd Person S, Labial in Root, and Decidedly Weird. We have grouped them this way because this  allows you to learn them in groups and perhaps memorise some of rules.  We'll also explain their history further down and historical explanation may also help some of you to understand these pesky little buggers.
 ==Regular==
@@ Loidhne 97: / Loidhne 97: @@
 |}
-The most striking feature of this group is that it uses the root form for the 3rd person singular masculine. The other bit to watch out for with air is that in the plural the root slenderises. And we get innte because the root used to be int-. But more of the history later.
+The most striking feature of this group is that it uses the root form for the 3rd person singular masculine. The other bit to watch out for with air is that the root slenderises in the plural. And we get innte because the root used to be int-. But more of the history later.
-The prepositions in brackets are other/older spellings of these still kicking about which fit the paradigm much better and which GOC abolished so non-nonchalantly. <sigh>
+The prepositions in brackets are other/older spellings of these that are still kicking about. They fit the paradigm much better, although GOC abolished them, so non-nonchalantly. <sigh>
 ==3rd Person s==
@@ Loidhne 310: / Loidhne 310: @@
 umpa
-Nothing much to add about this group really.  As you will see later on, that weird -p- isn't part of the ending but rather a very old part of the root that crops up now and then, but let's finish this off first and take a look at the Decidedly Weird Group (luckily there's only one preposition, unfortunately it's also perhaps the most common one...):
+Nothing much to add about this group really.  As you'll see later on, that weird -p- isn't part of the ending but rather a very old part of the root that crops up, now and then. But, let's finish this off first and take a look at the Decidedly Weird Group - luckily there's only one preposition - unfortunately it's also perhaps the most common one:
@@ Loidhne 346: / Loidhne 346: @@
 dhaibh
-As you can see, compared to the other ones do is really weird.  The historical notes aside, there isn't much else unfortunately that we can add that might help you.  Except a general note perhaps: for adults, learning a new language invariable involves learning stuff by heart.  If you were doing Basque you'd have to cope with over 12.000 forms for the two verbs 'to be' and 'to have' alone ... so learning the few irregular verbs of Gaelic and these few prepositions isn't that bad really.  It's really worthwhile putting in the effort though ... they are REALLY common and having to think before coming out with your conjugated preposition really marks you as a learner!!
+As you can see, compared to the other ones, do is really weird.   Historical notes aside, unfortunately, there isn't much else we can add that might help you, except a general note perhaps. For adults, learning a new language invariably involves learning stuff by heart.  If you were doing Basque you'd have to cope with over 12.000 forms for the two verbs 'to be' and 'to have' alone. So, learning the few irregular verbs of Gaelic and these few prepositions really isn't that bad.  It's worthwhile putting in the effort because they are REALLY common and you don't want to have to pause and think before coming out with your well learned conjugated prepositions!
 On to the history then for the curious minds ...
 {{Teamplaid:Roimhearan}}

@@ Loidhne 53: / Loidhne 53: @@
 ==Mostly Regular==
-Group & Endings
+{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
-	analysed preposition 	normal form
+! align="left" | Root
-MOSTLY REGULAR
+Following the same pattern:
--(a)m
+{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
--(a)d/-(a)t
+! align="left" | Root
-ROOT
+! align="left" | Analysed preposition
--(th)e + slenderise
+! align="left" | Full form
--(a)inn
+|-
--(a)ibh
+| ann-<br/>dhì- || -(a)m || orm<br/>dhìom
--(th)a
+|-
-	ann-am
+| ann-<br/>dhì-|| -(a)d/t || ort<br/>dhìot
-ann-ad
+|-
-ann
+| ann-<br/>dhì-|| same as root || air<br/>(irr.) dheth
-inn-te
+|-
-ann-ainn
+| ann-<br/>dhì-|| slenderise, -(t)e || oirre<br/>(irr.) dhith
-ann-aibh
+|-
-ann-ta 	annam
+| ann-<br/>dhì-|| -(a)inn || oirnn<br/>dhinn
-annad
+|-
-ann
+| ann-<br/>dhì-|| -(a)ibh || oirbh<br/>dhibh
-innte
+|-
-annainn
+| ann-<br/>dhì-|| -(t)a || orra<br/>dhiubh
-annaibh
+|-
-annta
+|}
-or-m
+The most striking feature of this group is that it uses the root form for the 3rd person singular masculine. The other bit to watch out for with air is that in the plural the root slenderises. And we get innte because the root used to be int-. But more of the history later.
 The prepositions in brackets are other/older spellings of these still kicking about which fit the paradigm much better and which GOC abolished so non-nonchalantly. <sigh>
 The next group is also fairly regular, but different because the 3rd person singular masculine adds an -s to the root:
 -(a)m