As t-samhradh or The mysterious t- - Eachdraidh nam mùthaidhean

Akerbeltz 12:08, 10 dhen Fhaoilleach 2023

2023-01-10T12:08:51Z

Akerbeltz 12:03, 10 dhen Fhaoilleach 2023

2023-01-10T12:03:57Z

Akerbeltz 12:03, 10 dhen Fhaoilleach 2023

2023-01-10T12:03:03Z

Akerbeltz 12:02, 10 dhen Fhaoilleach 2023

2023-01-10T12:02:06Z

Akerbeltz 12:00, 10 dhen Fhaoilleach 2023

2023-01-10T12:00:31Z

Susanharris 00:53, 5 dhen Lùnastal 2013

2013-08-05T00:53:53Z

Susanharris 18:50, 30 dhen Ògmhios 2013

2013-06-30T18:50:06Z

Susanharris 18:48, 30 dhen Ògmhios 2013

2013-06-30T18:48:24Z

Susanharris 23:33, 29 dhen Ògmhios 2013

2013-06-29T23:33:07Z

Akerbeltz 13:04, 29 dhen Ògmhios 2013

2013-06-29T13:04:12Z

@@ Loidhne 15: / Loidhne 15: @@
 |}
-Summer and Winter are what you would expect them to be, but what about Spring and Autumn? What we have here are actually two frozen forms - two expressions which at one point became so established in the language that they never changed, even when the rest of the language had moved on. It's like the Queen signing bills with <span style="color: #6600CC;">La Reine le veult</span> [la rɛinə lə veylt] in Norman French even though in modern French this phrase is <span style="color: #6600CC;">La Reine le veut</span> [la ʁɛn lə vø]). No one in Britain speaks Norman French any more yet the phrase has survived the changes of linguistic fortune.
+Summer and Winter are what you would expect them to be, but what about Spring and Autumn? What we have here are actually two frozen forms - two expressions which at one point became so established in the language that they never changed, even when the rest of the language had moved on. It's like the Queen signing bills with <span style="color: #6600CC;">La Reine le veult</span> [la rɛinə lə veylt] in Norman French even though in modern French this phrase is <span style="color: #6600CC;">La Reine le veut</span> [la ʁɛn lə vø]). No one in Britain speaks Norman French any more yet the phrase has survived the changes of linguistic fortune. Or, moving quickly away from the monarchy, why in spite of English having abandoned all vestiges of a case system in nouns, pronouns continue to stubbornly resist change and continue to have [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronouns nominative/accusative pairs] like ''I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them''.
 Just accept from me that some things in the Old Irish case system worked differently.  The dative case was one of those things. In Old Irish, these expressions with the seasons were formed quite regularly, as shown below. Examples of today's seasonal expressions, with their translations, are shown above:

@@ Loidhne 37: / Loidhne 37: @@
 * and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span>, for example <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.
-At some point, there was a ruckus in the system and it changed (you don't want to know the details, you really don't, other than it was messy) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.
+At some point, there was a ruckus in the system and it changed (you don't want to know the details, you really don't, other than it was messy) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But at the time the old dative system was being eliminated (messily), the phrases ''in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter'' were already so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.
 Modern Irish has fully innovated this system, by the way:

@@ Loidhne 37: / Loidhne 37: @@
 * and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span>, for example <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.
-At some point, the system changed (you don't want to know, you really don't) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.
+At some point, there was a ruckus in the system and it changed (you don't want to know the details, you really don't, other than it was messy) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.
 Modern Irish has fully innovated this system, by the way:

@@ Loidhne 32: / Loidhne 32: @@
 (Note the IPA above is full IPA)
-As you can see, in the dative case, Old Irish regularly used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span>, English "in". It used <span style="color: #6600CC;">ind</span> as the definite article before vowels, <span style="color: #6600CC;">int</span> as the definite article that lenited <span style="color: #6600CC;">s</span> and <span style="color: #6600CC;">f</span>, and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span> (<span style="color: #6600CC;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
+So Old Irish used the following pattern of the word "in":
 At some point, the system changed (you don't want to know, you really don't) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.

@@ Loidhne 32: / Loidhne 32: @@
 (Note the IPA above is full IPA)
-As you can see, in the dative case, Old Irish regularly used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span>, English "in". It used <span style="color: #6600CC;">ind</span> as the definite article before vowels, int as the definite article that lenited <span style="color: #6600CC;">s</span> and <span style="color: #6600CC;">f</span>, and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span> (<span style="color: #6600CC;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
+As you can see, in the dative case, Old Irish regularly used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span>, English "in". It used <span style="color: #6600CC;">ind</span> as the definite article before vowels, <span style="color: #6600CC;">int</span> as the definite article that lenited <span style="color: #6600CC;">s</span> and <span style="color: #6600CC;">f</span>, and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span> (<span style="color: #6600CC;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
 At some point, the system changed (you don't want to know, you really don't) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.

@@ Loidhne 15: / Loidhne 15: @@
 |}
-Summer and Winter are what you would expect them to be, but what about Spring and Autumn? What we have here are actually two frozen forms - two expressions which at one point became so established in the language that they never changed, even when the rest of the language had moved on. It's like the Queen signing bills with <span style="color: #000080;">La Reine le veult</span> [la rɛinə lə veylt] in Norman French even though in modern French this phrase is <span style="color: #000080;">La Reine le veut</span> [la ʁɛn lə vø]). No one in Britain speaks Norman French any more yet the phrase has survived the changes of linguistic fortune.
+Summer and Winter are what you would expect them to be, but what about Spring and Autumn? What we have here are actually two frozen forms - two expressions which at one point became so established in the language that they never changed, even when the rest of the language had moved on. It's like the Queen signing bills with <span style="color: #6600CC;">La Reine le veult</span> [la rɛinə lə veylt] in Norman French even though in modern French this phrase is <span style="color: #6600CC;">La Reine le veut</span> [la ʁɛn lə vø]). No one in Britain speaks Norman French any more yet the phrase has survived the changes of linguistic fortune.
 Just accept from me that some things in the Old Irish case system worked differently.  The dative case was one of those things. In Old Irish, these expressions with the seasons were formed quite regularly, as shown below. Examples of today's seasonal expressions, with their translations, are shown above:
@@ Loidhne 21: / Loidhne 21: @@
 {| style="width: 45%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">is ind áuu</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">ogha</span>) || [isin taː.u] || <span style="color: #000080;">is ind erruch</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">earrach</span>) || [isin derːux]
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">is ind áuu</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">ogha</span>) || [isin taː.u] || <span style="color: #6600CC;">is ind erruch</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">earrach</span>) || [isin derːux]
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">is int ṡóer</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">saor</span>) || [isin toeɾ] || <span style="color: #000080;">is int sámrad</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">samhradh</span>) || [isin taːvrað]
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">is int ṡóer</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">saor</span>) || [isin toeɾ] || <span style="color: #6600CC;">is int sámrad</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">samhradh</span>) || [isin taːvrað]
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">is int ḟlaith</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">flaith</span>) || [isin tɫ̪aiθ] || <span style="color: #000080;">is int fogmar</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">foghar</span>) || [isin toɣvaɾ]
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">is int ḟlaith</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">flaith</span>) || [isin tɫ̪aiθ] || <span style="color: #6600CC;">is int fogmar</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">foghar</span>) || [isin toɣvaɾ]
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">is in glinn</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">gleann</span>) || [isi ʝlinː] || <span style="color: #000080;">is in gaimred</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">geamhradh</span>) || [isin ɣaivɾʲeð]
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in glinn</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">gleann</span>) || [isi ʝlinː] || <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in gaimred</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">geamhradh</span>) || [isin ɣaivɾʲeð]
 |-
 |}
 (Note the IPA above is full IPA)
-As you can see, in the dative case, Old Irish regularly used <span style="color: #000080;">in</span>, English "in". It used <span style="color: #000080;">ind</span> as the definite article before vowels, int as the definite article that lenited <span style="color: #000080;">s</span> and <span style="color: #000080;">f</span>, and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #000080;">in</span> (<span style="color: #000080;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #000080;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
+As you can see, in the dative case, Old Irish regularly used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span>, English "in". It used <span style="color: #6600CC;">ind</span> as the definite article before vowels, int as the definite article that lenited <span style="color: #6600CC;">s</span> and <span style="color: #6600CC;">f</span>, and for all other instances it used <span style="color: #6600CC;">in</span> (<span style="color: #6600CC;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #6600CC;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
 At some point, the system changed (you don't want to know, you really don't) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.
@@ Loidhne 40: / Loidhne 40: @@
 {| style="width: 25%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">san earrach</span>
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">san earrach</span>
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">sa samhradh</span>
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">sa samhradh</span>
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">san fhómhar</span>
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">san fhómhar</span>
 |-
-| <span style="color: #000080;">sa gheimreadh</span>
+| <span style="color: #6600CC;">sa gheimreadh</span>
 |-
 |}

@@ Loidhne 9: / Loidhne 9: @@
 | <span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span> || in the joiner || <span style="color: #008000;">as t-samhradh</span> || in (the) summer
 |-
-| <span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span> || in the nobleman || <span style="color: #008000;">as t-foghar</span> || in (the) autimn
+| <span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span> || in the nobleman || <span style="color: #008000;">as t-foghar</span> || in (the) autumn
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span> || in the valley || <span style="color: #008000;">sa gheamhradh</span> || in (the) winter
@@ Loidhne 32: / Loidhne 32: @@
 (Note the IPA above is full IPA)
-As you can see, Old Irish regularly had <span style="color: #000080;">is</span> "in" and <span style="color: #000080;">int</span> as the definite article in the dative case which lenited <span style="color: #000080;">s</span> and <span style="color: #000080;">f</span>. In all other cases it had <span style="color: #000080;">in</span> (<span style="color: #000080;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #000080;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
+As you can see, in the dative case, Old Irish regularly used <span style="color: #000080;">in</span>, English "in". It used <span style="color: #000080;">ind</span> as the definite article before vowels, int as the definite article that lenited <span style="color: #000080;">s</span> and <span style="color: #000080;">f</span>, and for all other instances it used \in\<span style="color: #000080;">in</span> (<span style="color: #000080;">is in chatt</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">cat</span>); <span style="color: #000080;">is in bard</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">bàrd</span>) etc.).
 At some point, the system changed (you don't want to know, you really don't) and we were left with the modern system which does what we all do: nothing before a vowel (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span>); retain <span style="color: #008000;">t-</span> before <span style="color: #008000;">s</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an t-saor</span>); lenite <span style="color: #008000;">f</span> (<span style="color: #008000;">anns an fhlaith</span>); and lenite elsewhere (unless lenition is blocked) (<span style="color: #008000;">anns a' ghleann</span>). But during the time the old dative system was being eliminated, the phrases in spring/in summer/in autumn/in winter were so entrenched that they didn't undergo the same changes.

@@ Loidhne 3: / Loidhne 3: @@
 The words for the seasons are straightforward enough, but when it comes to saying "in the X" they seem to violate everything you have learned about prepositions:
-{| style="width: 30%;" border="0" align="center"
+{| style="width: 40%;" border="0" align="center"
 |-
 | <span style="color: #008000;">anns an ogha</span> || in the grandson || <span style="color: #008000;">as t-earrach</span> || in (the) spring