MediaWiki API result

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        "gapcontinue": "Saobh-chreideamh",
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            "*": "Subscribe to the mediawiki-api-announce mailing list at <https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-api-announce> for notice of API deprecations and breaking changes."
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            "*": "Because \"rvslots\" was not specified, a legacy format has been used for the output. This format is deprecated, and in the future the new format will always be used."
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            "264": {
                "pageid": 264,
                "ns": 0,
                "title": "Ri",
                "revisions": [
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                        "*": "Here's one of the more entertaining prepositions that Gaelic has to offer.  But first, let's get the easy stuff out of the way before you let yourselves be entertained by a mad linguist.\n\nAs with most simple prepositions, <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> [r\u02b2i] can be conjugated (i.e. the preposition has merged into one word with the pronouns mi, thu etc.)\n\n{| style=\"width: 20%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">mi</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rium</span> || /r\u02b2ium/\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">thu</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">riut</span> || /r\u02b2iuhd/\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">e</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ris</span> || /r\u02b2i\u0283/\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">i</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rithe</span> || /r\u02b2i.\u0259/\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">sinn</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">r(u)inn</span> || /r\u026fiN\u02b2/\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">sibh</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">r(u)ibh</span> || /r\u026fiv/\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">iad</span> || <span style=\"color: #008000;\">riutha</span> || /r\u02b2u.\u0259/\n|-\n|}\n\n==First things first==\nNow, easy bits first:\n\nYou will sometimes see <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ruinn</span> and <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ruibh</span> spelt as <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rinn</span> and <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ribh</span>. Also, you will have noticed that most unexpectedly, the <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> in <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rium, riut, ris, rithe</span> and <span style=\"color: #008000;\">riutha</span> is pronounced as [r\u02b2] even though you will have learned that at the beginning of a word all r-sounds are pronounced strong, as [R].\n\nThe reasons for this seem mysterious but it's not really such a mystery.  The reasons for the r being slender are clear.  In Old Irish, the r was simply not at the beginning of the word because <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> used to be <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">fri</span>.  Over time, the f just got lenited away.  However, because <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">fri</span> had been originally (when the <span style=\"color: #008000;\">f</span> was still around) pronounced as [f\u027e\u02b2i], the -r- was fixed in the linguistic memory of people as being non-initial and slender.  The whole paradigm of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> can be found in the page [[PPP_-_Pronouns,_prepositions_and_their_pronunciation#Ri|here]]. It does, oddly enough, survive in one instance: the prefix <span style=\"color: #008000;\">frith-</span> but we won't go into that here because it would be too much of a tangent, even for me!\n\nSo, why has the -r-, which apparently was still slender in Old Irish changed to a broad -r-?  Probably two things happened at the same time:\n\nOn the one hand, there has probably been a certain amount of re-analysis going on with people trying to fit an irregular pattern into a regular pattern.  Something like this is occurring among modern English speakers who are re-analysing irregular plurals and slowly getting rid of them.  These days, although \"fishes\" is perhaps frowned upon, it's certainly current in the spoken language.  So in Gaelic, to some extent, people would have tried to to squeeze <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> into the regular pronunciation patterns by pronouncing <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rinn</span> as it now \"appears\" to be - with an initial r which has to be strong.\n\nBut, at the same time, something else was going on.  Consonant length was shifting away from the consonant and onto the vowel.  And we all know [[Compensatory lengthening and The secret of time|what that leads to]] in modern Gaelic.  Let's take it one step at a time to understand the sequence of the daisy chain: [f\u027e\u02b2i\u0272\u02d0] > [\u027e\u02b2i\u0272\u02d0] > [\u027e\u02b2i\u02d0\u0272] > [\u027e\u02b2ui\u0272].  At this stage, probably somewhere around the year 1500, a problem arose.  The [\u027e\u02b2] is suddenly in front of a very broad diphthong [ui] which makes it difficult to pronounce and \"illegal\" in terms of its phonetic structure (according to the rules of Gaelic, of course.)  The easy solution was to make the r broad because that fits in nicely with the usual rule that r at the beginning of a word is always broad.  But then, what about <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ribh/ruibh</span>?  I'm not sure, but perhaps a case of analogy surfaced, i.e. people applied the pattern of another preposition e.g. <span style=\"color: #008000;\">dhuibh</span> which used to be <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">duibh</span> and therefore very similar in its sound structure.\n\nThus, the variant spellings are simply reflexes of something that used to be <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">rinn & ribh</span> and are now <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ruinn & ruibh</span>.\n\nAgain, the Le\u00f2dhasaich need a footnote because in Lewis Gaelic [\u027e\u02b2] has changed to [\u00f0], so don't be surprised if you hear things like [\u00f0i\u0283].\n\n==To infinity...==\nNow, that was the easy bit.\n\nMeaning and use of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> are a bit more tricky.  Rather than give a long list of ways that this preposition can be translated (the format of most textbooks), depending on context and the verbs it is used with, we will try to give you an idea of what concept(s) <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> entails.\n\nThe primary meaning of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> is best summed up as the \"interaction between two participants in which some form of feedback or resistance is exhibited\".  Think of a man holding his head in front of a fan blowing at full force and you're not far off the concept.  And contrary to some grammars, it *can* involve physical motion.\n\n[[Faidhle:fan.jpg|centre]]\n\nThe reason for not just giving you a list of possible translations is that such a long list would suggest that it's a very convoluted preposition when it really isn't.  We're just trying to get away from the English speaking point of view for a bit.\n\nIf you open your dictionary of Old Irish, you will see that the above definition squares largely with the original meaning of the word which was most commonly translated as 'against', e.g. <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">fri f\u00e1l</span> 'against a wall'.  A look into your etymological dictionary will tell you that <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> is most likely connected to the Indo-European root of *<span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">v\u1e5bti</span> meaning \"to turn\" and is connected to Latin <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">versus</span> and the English suffix -wards.  Already, you're probably getting a pretty good idea of the fundamental meaning of the preposition <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span>.  So, the number one meaning of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> is 'against', both in a physical and metaphorical way.  This covers phrases like the following:\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha f\u00e0radh ris a' bhalla</span> || there is a ladder leaning against the wall\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">geug a' gnogadh ris an uinneag</span> || a branch knocking against the window\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">sheas i ris a' ch\u00e0r</span> || she leaned against the car\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">d\u00e8an str\u00ec ri n\u00e0imhdean</span> || fight against enemies\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">croch ri craobh</span> || hang from a tree\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">air neo bidh mi riut!</span> || or else you'll get it!\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha an ite maoth ri m' aghaidh</span> || the feather is soft against my face\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">shuidh e r' a thaobh</span> || he sat next to him\n|-\n|}\n \t\nSo why is 'hang from a tree' in there?  Think of it - the rope has to be attached to something to keep it from falling to the ground - and that is the tree.\n\nThis is where some grammars get into really hot water because they look at <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> from the English point of view.  But staying with the definition that <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> is used for the \"interaction between two participants in which some form of feedback or resistance is exhibited\" the following are quite logical:\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha e a' dol ris a' ghaoth</span> || he is going against the wind\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">shn\u00e0mh i ris an t-sruth</span> || she swam upstream/against the current\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha e ris a' ghrian</span> || it was exposed to the sun\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">shreap sinn ris a' bhruthach</span> || we ascended/went up the slope\n|-\n|}\n\nIncidentally, the last example forms a nice pair with <span style=\"color: #008000;\">leis a' bhruthach</span> which means exactly the opposite.  Notice how in English we have to use a different idiom because English looks at the world from a different angle, but in Gaelic we're still in the same meaning system.  This usage of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> is old and can be seen in Old Irish words like <span style=\"color: #6600CC;\">fresngab\u00e1l</span> meaning 'ascent' (lit. 'taking against').\n\nFor the next meaning group, we are simply going to state that in Gaelic you \"compare against\" rather than \"with\". That's does not seem so strange when you think of the English idiom \"to measure against!\"\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha e coltach ri c\u00f9</span> || he is similar to a dog\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha seo m\u00f3r an taca ris an t\u00e9 sin</span> || this is big in comparison with that one\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha e cho glas ri c\u00e0l Obar Dheathain</span> || it is as green as grass\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha e an aon dath ri mo phlangaid</span> || it is the same colour as my blanket\n|-\n|}\n\nThat use is old and existed as far back as Old Irish.  \n\nFor the next group, again, we get closer to the meaning 'against'.  You can think of the following as \"against, tackling\", while still staying within the Gaelic definition of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span>:\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha e ris an iasgach</span> || he's fishing (for a living)\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha i ri \u00f9rnaigh</span> || she was praying\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">d\u00e9 tha thu ris?</span> || what are you up to?\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha iad ri trod</span> || they're having a fight\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha iad ris a-rithist</span> || they were at it again\n|-\n|}\n\nSo, where exactly is the difference between <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha i ag \u00f9rnaigh</span> and <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha i ri \u00f9rnaigh</span>?  There's not much. Some dialects even use <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> instead of <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ag</span> with verbal nouns to give slightly more emphasis on the action taking place than in phrases with <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ag</span>.\n\nThe next group also stays quite close to home - even though it gets translated into English by the word 'with' that has a seemingly unrelated meaning, in English. Again, it's a question of your point of view.  The physical realities of leaning against a wall and standing side by side with somebody are not far apart (unless you're trying to push the wall over of course ...), so in Gaelic they are close in meaning and entail the same concept:\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">chaidh mi ann c\u00f2mhla ris</span> ||I went there with him\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha iad ann maille rithe</span> || they were there alongside her\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha iad ri ch\u00e9ile a-nis</span> || they are together now\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">rinn mi deasbad riutha</span> || they're having a fight\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">bha iad ris a-rithist</span> || They argued with him again\n|-\n|}\n\nThe next group is even more obvious as \"two participants with some form of feedback or resistance:\"\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">thachair mi ri muc-mhara</span> || I met a whale\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">coinnichidh mi rithe</span> || I will meet her\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha mi a' fuireach ris</span> || I am waiting for him\n|-\n|}\n\nIf you think back to the image with the fan and compare it to this one, you'll notice an interesting convergence because the same \"symbol\", <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span>, is used in both cases to represent the action relationship which is going on:\n\n[[Faidhle:argamaid.jpg|centre]]\n\n{| style=\"width: 60%;\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">thuirt mi ris gun a dh\u00e8anamh</span> || I told him not to do it\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">dh'\u00e9ist mi ruibh</span> || I listened to you\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">eughaidh mi ris</span> || I will yell at him\n|-\n|}\n\n==and beyond...==\nAnd then there are the remainder of expressions and idioms which use <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> which are best just learned, things like <span style=\"color: #008000;\">r\u00e9idh ri Dia</span> 'at peace with God' where you could somehow invoke the above, but only with difficulty.  Here's a list of usages which are difficult to predict but thankfully not that tricky to learn:\n\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> + Verbal Noun \u00bb to be V-PAST\n{| style=\"width: 35%;\" border=\"0\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri ithe</span> || to be eaten\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri r\u00e0dh</span> || to be said\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri dh\u00e8anamh</span> || to be done\n|-\n|}\n  \t \n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">aig</span> + <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> \u00bb have to [present/non-tense]\n{| style=\"width: 35%;\" border=\"0\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha agam ri \u00e8isteachd</span> || I have to listen\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">tha aca ri bruidhinn</span> || they have to speak\n|-\n|}\n \n\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> + Temporal Adverb \u00bb during/in\n{| style=\"width: 35%;\" border=\"0\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri linn Jingis Khan</span> || during the age of Jingis Khan\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri (a) latha</span> || in his day\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri aimsir theth</span> || in hot weather\n|-\n|}\n\nAnd then there are a number of verbs which take <span style=\"color: #008000;\">ri</span> for reasons best known to themselves which you just have to learn such as <span style=\"color: #008000;\">feitheamh ri</span>  'waiting for' and \n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">gabh ri</span> 'to accept'. But every language has annoying constructions which do not fit easily into the paradigm.\n\n{{Teamplaid:Roimhearan}}"
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            "34": {
                "pageid": 34,
                "ns": 0,
                "title": "Ruapaisean",
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                        "*": "{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">C\u00f3 thug am b\u00e0s?\" ars M\u00f3r Niall Smuilc.<br />\"C\u00f3 chuala no chunnaic?\" ars E\u00f2in MacCuilc.<br />\"Mo sh\u00f9il a chunnaic 's mo bhonn a mhothaich\" ars M\u00f3r Niall Smuilc.<br />Dh'fhalbh M\u00f3r Niall Smuilc.<br />Agus E\u00f2in MacCuilc.<br />  Agus am fear a bh' ann an Loch Obha.<br />Agus an gobh' a bha ro bhraid.<br />Agus tughadair an \u00e0th.<br />Agus gr\u00e9ineadair a' mhuilinn.<br />Agus an seann l\u00e0ir bh\u00e0n a ruith air an tr\u00e0igh.<br />D\u00e0 ch\u00f9l c\u00e0ise.<br />D\u00e0 chl\u00e0r mh\u00e0is.<br />An cuala cluas?<br />An cuala thu fh\u00e9in?<br />An leithid sin roimhe?</span> || \"Who killed it?\" said M\u00f3r Niall Smuilc.<br />\"Who heard or saw it?\" said E\u00f2in MacCuilc.<br />\"My eye saw it and my sole felt it\" said M\u00f3r Niall Smuilc.<br />M\u00f3r Nial Smuilc left.<br />And E\u00f2in MacCuilc.<br />And the one who was in Lochawe.<br />And the smith who was too thieving.<br />And the thatcher of the ford.<br />And the grinder of the mill.<br />And the old white mare which ran on the beach.<br />Two heels of cheese.<br />Two [?]<br />Did an ear hear?<br />Did you yourself hear?<br />It's like before? \n|-\n| <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Thall' a dh'iomain!  >  D\u00e9 'n iomain?<br />Iomain chaman!  >  D\u00e9 'n caman?<br />Caman iubhair!  >  D\u00e9 'n t-iubhar?<br />Iubhar adhar!  >  D\u00e9 'n t-adhar?<br />Adhar e\u00f2in!  >  D\u00e9 'n t-eun?<br />Eun mara!  >  D\u00e9 'mhuir?<br />Muir \u00e9isg!  >  D\u00e9 'n t-iasg?<br />Iasg dubhain!  >  D\u00e9 'n dubhan?<br />Dubhan ce\u00e0ird!  >  D\u00e9 'n ce\u00e0rd?<br />Ce\u00e0rd adhairc!  >  D\u00e9 'n adharc?<br />Adharc mairt!  >  'S d\u00e9 'mhart?<br />Mart ruadh, ribeagach, robagach,<br />'s fhiach port gu bainne,<br />'s leum do athair air a muin.<br />Sin mar a bha e!</span> || \n|-\n|}\n\n<br />\n<br />\n\n{{BeaganGaidhlig}}"
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